What is a mutation causing cancer?

 Advanced Pathophysiology

Briefly answer the questions in a couple of lines. Do not include unsolicited information

1- Benign Tumors vs Benign Tumors. Compare both of it.

2- What is a mutation causing cancer?

a. Describe types of mutations.

3- Paracrine and Autocrine signals, concepts of each.

4- What is Cell adaptation and why it is so important?

5- Concepts of Adaptation mechanism such as:

a. Hypertrophy

b. Atrophy

c. Hyperplasia

d. Metaplasi

e. Dysplasia.

6- Are cancer cells immortals? Why?

a. What is an Oncogene

b. Give an example.

7- What are two example of Viral Infections which may produce Cancer changes in cells.

8- Do We have vaccines against Oncogenic Viruses?

a. Give two examples

9- What is metastasis?

10- Cancer can produce these clinical manifestations, explain why each of it.

a. Paraneoplastic Syndromes

b. Anemia

c. Fatigue

d. Caquexia

e. Leukopenia

f. Alopecia.

11- What is the meaning of TNM Staging system for Malignancies?

12- What is Epigenetics?

13- Environmental Lifestyle Factors and Cancer. Explain relationship for:

Tobacco Use, Nutrition, Obesity, Alcohol Consumption, Physical Activity, Ionizing and UV Radiation, Infections.

14- Apoptosis: post about it.