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APA format, intext citation, 2 references include at least, 1 page
Topic: Disparities in Health and Healthcare: United States and Global Views. Discuss it in terms of the concept analysis and evaluation. Support your statements with credible evidence and offer an example.
Deliverable Length: 400–600 words;
Primary Task Response: Within the Discussion Board area, write 400–600 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
As you close your weekly meeting with Deborah, she says, “There are some very good ideas here. I would like to see you continue with a global marketing plan. We need more concrete analysis and data for the presentation. Get your team to work.”
After your meeting with Deborah, you briefly meet with your team to discuss moving toward a more formal analysis.
“Tiffany and Mike, we need to provide a more detailed analysis,” you explain. “You’ve done a great job so far looking at what resources we need and potential countries, but we need to really dig deeper on this.”
Tiffany nods her head in agreement. “Definitely,” she says. “We need to look at some internal variables as well as political, environmental, sociocultural, and technological environments of the countries that we are considering.”
Mike interjects, “Well, that’s something we should consider, but it’s not the only way to analyze this type of project. This is such a big decision, and we need to give as much information as we can.”
You reply, “Great point, Mike. We should look at this from a couple of different angles.”
The next step in your strategic marketing plan is to determine the tools that are needed to conduct an analysis of the industry and competitors. Complete the following:
In this assignment, you are to use Samsung.
Write a 6-8 page paper in which you do the following:
Determine business-level and corporate-level strategies for a corporation’s long-term success comparable to the competitive environment.
YOU MUST USE AND FOLLOW THE ATTACHED TEMPLATE. MAKE SURE ALL SECTIONS ARE COMPLETED.
Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words:
You need provide 3 reference each for Question 1 & 2 in APA style.
Question 1
Sharon Lim is your new client, and she has just shared with you her decision to divorce her
husband due to his gambling addiction. They married for 11 years and have two children
aged 10 and 8. She is unfamiliar with the legal process of divorce and is hesitant to seek legal
advice at this point. She is worried about the custody of her two children. She consulted you
on the legal process of divorce in Singapore.
(a) Present to Sharon the legal requirements to file for divorce and discuss with her the
grounds for divorce and other implications. (800 words)
(b) Explain to Sharon her husband’s consent to the divorce would determine the type of
divorce and its process. Compare the TWO (2) types of divorce in your explanation to her. (500 words)
(c) Discuss with Sharon her parenting plan relating to children’s custody and access.(500 words)
Question 2
Reflect on your learning on causes and risk factors of divorce, evaluate what could be TWO
(2) potential risk factors that are relevant to the Singapore context. Support your evaluation
with literatures if available.(500 words)
Read the attached article cited below. Then complete the following questions based on the information in the article.
Tong Chien W, Thompson DR, Fong Leung S, Bressington D. Quality of life, symptom severity and level of functioning in people with severe mental illness ready for hospital discharge. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2022;29:14–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12703
Address the following in a narrative format:
According to Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt’s (2015) levels of evidence, based on the research design/procedures, what level is the study? (See https://guides.lib.umich.edu/c.php?g=282802&p=1888246)
Did the authors describe a theoretical background or model to support their research questions/ aims?
If yes, name the theory/framework and if no, suggest a theory/framework and provide a rationale for your choice.
Indicate the variables examined in the study & the tool/measure for each variable.
What were statistical tests used to answer the research questions? Justify why the tests were chosen.
Provide a summary of the significant statistical tests. Include the actual values of all statistically significant results.
Provide a summary of the study results.
Instructions:
Support your positions with evidence from scholarly sources. This questions are selected to provoke thought and discussion.
There is a 5-page limit per question (Please do NOT go above 5 pages), excluding references.
Responses must be in APA 7th edition format and contain appropriate citations and a reference list.
An abstract is not required.
APA 7th Edition Only will be accepted
Top executives and members of a corporation’s board of directors have different roles and responsibilities. Traditionally, executives have been responsible for determining the firm’s strategic direction and implementing strategies to achieve it, whereas the board of directors has been responsible for monitoring and controlling managerial decisions and actions. Some argue that boards should become more involved with the formulation of a firm’s strategies.
Each week you will participate in the class discussion. You are required to post at least 3 times on 3 separate days. One post will be your response to the discussion topic and your second two posts will be responses to your classmates or instructor. Three posts are a minimum number of posts, so you are encouraged to participate more often and improve your grades…Week Three: Let’s Discuss!EMPLOYEE BENEFITSA growing proportion of the compensation employees receive is not provided in the paycheck. Rather, it is paid in the form of benefits that employers increasingly must offer to compete in the labor market or to satisfy union demands or legal requirements. In order to emphasize that these benefits constitute a significant part of the compensation employees are paid; employers increasingly are using the term “total compensation.” Different types of employee benefits entail different problems and costs.SAFETY AND HEALTHSafety and health programs have continued to receive employer attention since the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). For several reasons discussed in the text, employers have intensified their efforts to create safe work environments. Similarly, they have developed programs to reduce health hazards on the job. Many employees have instituted programs for building better health and for providing assistance to employees. They have developed stress-management programs to teach employees how to minimize the negative effects of job-related stress.Question: Many organizations are concerned about the rising cost of employee benefits and question their value to the organization and to employees.
Please read the relevant chapters from your text before attempting to respond to the above.You must make a minimum of three postings on three separate days. Your posts should be intuitive and thoughtful. Your first post will be your answer to my question and the others will be replies to your classmates and me. These responses to other posts should also be well-written and intelligent. The week closes on Sunday at 11:59 PM. There is no discretion on these discussions.This means you cannot get an extension on the discussions…. Please support your points with in-text citations and include a reference list. EACH POST SHOULD BE AT LEAST one PARAGRAPH IN LENGTH ( at least 150 words) Quantity is IMPORTANT BUT QUALITY is just as important. NOTE: Wikipedia cannot be used as a source for this class. Also, do not cut and paste from your sources, but read and then put in your own words, this means paraphrase and cite your sources the APA way.
Assignment #1: Quantitative Analysis
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Instructions
Assignment #1: Quantitative Analysis
Target:
⦁ Develop an evaluative research question associated with health care management issues, and propose a methodology that could lead to an improvement of health care delivery.
For this assignment, students should choose data from the quantitative analysis below and are asked to analyze it using Excel, RStuido (BONUS points)
Data set (If you decided to work with RStudio, download data from the class instructions (discussion/class instructions):
Minnesota Healthcare Database.xlsx
Medicare National Data by County
MN Hospital Report Data by Care Unit FY2013
MN HCCIS Imaging Procedures 2013
MEPS Dental Files
MEPS Inpatient Stay Database
Students will develop an analysis report, in five main sections, including introduction, research method (research questions/objective, data set, research method, and analysis), results, conclusion and health policy recommendations. This is a 5-6 page individual project report.
Here are the main steps for this assignment.
Step 1: Students require to submit the topic using topic selection discussion forum by the end of week 1 and wait for instructor approval.
Step 2: Develop the research question and
Step 3: Run the analysis using EXCEL (RStudio for BONUS points) and report the findings using the assignment instruction.
The Report Structure:
Start with the
1.Cover page (1 page, including running head).
Please look at the example http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/sample-experiment-paper-1.pdf (you can download the file from the class) and http://www.umgc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm to learn more about the APA style.
In the title page include:
⦁ Title, this is the approved topic by your instructor.
⦁ Student name
⦁ Class name
⦁ Instructor name
⦁ Date
2.Introduction
Introduce the problem or topic being investigated. Include relevant background information, for example;
⦁ Indicates why this is an issue or topic worth researching;
⦁ Highlight how others have researched this topic or issue (whether quantitatively or qualitatively), and
⦁ Specify how others have operationalized this concept and measured these phenomena
Note: Introduction should not be more than one or two paragraphs.
Literature Review
There is no need for a literature review in this assignment
3.Research Question or Research Hypothesis
What is the Research Question or Research Hypothesis?
***Just in time information: Here are a few points for Research Question or Research Hypothesis
There are basically two kinds of research questions: testable and non-testable. Neither is better than the other, and both have a place in applied research.
Examples of non-testable questions are:
How do managers feel about the reorganization?
What do residents feel are the most important problems facing the community?
Respondents’ answers to these questions could be summarized in descriptive tables and the results might be extremely valuable to administrators and planners. Business and social science researchers often ask non-testable research questions. The shortcoming with these types of questions is that they do not provide objective cut-off points for decision-makers.
In order to overcome this problem, researchers often seek to answer one or more testable research questions. Nearly all testable research questions begin with one of the following two phrases:
Is there a significant difference between …?
Is there a significant relationship between …?
For example:
Is there a significant relationship between the age of managers? and their attitudes towards the reorganization?
A research hypothesis is a testable statement of opinion. It is created from the research question by replacing the words “Is there” with the words “There is,” and also replacing the question mark with a period. The hypotheses for the two sample research questions would be:
There is a significant relationship between the age of managers and their attitudes towards the reorganization.
It is not possible to test a hypothesis directly. Instead, you must turn the hypothesis into a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is created from the hypothesis by adding the words “no” or “not” to the statement. For example, the null hypotheses for the two examples would be:
There is no significant relationship between the age of managers
and their attitudes towards the reorganization.
There is no significant difference between white and minority residents
with respect to what they feel are the most important problems facing the community.
All statistical testing is done on the null hypothesis…never the hypothesis. The result of a statistical test will enable you to either:
1) reject the null hypothesis, or
2) fail to reject the null hypothesis. Never use the words “accept the null hypothesis.”
*Source: StatPac for Windows Tutorial. (2017). User’s Guide; Formulating Hypotheses from Research Questions. Retrieved May 17, 2019 from https://statpac.com/manual/index.htm?turl=formulatinghypothesesfromresearchquestions.htm
What does significance really mean?
“Significance is a statistical term that tells how sure you are that a difference or relationship exists. To say that a significant difference or relationship exists only tells half the story. We might be very sure that a relationship exists, but is it a strong, moderate, or weak relationship? After finding a significant relationship, it is important to evaluate its strength. Significant relationships can be strong or weak. Significant differences can be large or small. It just depends on your sample size.
To determine whether the observed difference is statistically significant, we look at two outputs of our statistical test:
P-value: The primary output of statistical tests is the p-value (probability value). It indicates the probability of observing the difference if no difference exists.
The p-value from above example, 0.9926, indicates that we DO NOT expect to see a meaningless (random) difference of 5% or more in ‘hospital beds’ only about 993 times in 1000 there is no difference (0.9926*1000=992.6 ~ 993).
Note: This is an example from the week1 exercise.
The p-value from above example, 0.0001, indicates that we’d expect to see a meaningless (random) ‘number of the employees on payer’ difference of 5% or more only about 0.1 times in 1000 (0.0001 * 1000=0.1).
CI around Difference: A confidence interval around a difference that does not cross zero also indicates statistical significance. The graph below shows the 95% confidence interval around the difference between hospital beds in 2011 and 2012 (CI: [-40.82 ; 40.44]):
CI around Difference: A confidence interval around a difference that does not cross zero also indicates statistical significance. The graph below shows the 95% confidence interval around the difference between hospital beds in 2011 and 2012 (CI: [-382.16 ; 125.53]):
The boundaries of this confidence interval around the difference also provide a way to see what the upper [40.44] and lower bounds [-40.82].
As a summary:
“Statistically significant means a result is unlikely due to chance.
The p-value is the probability of obtaining the difference we saw from a sample (or a larger one) if there really isn’t a difference for all users.
Statistical significance doesn’t mean practical significance. Only by considering context can we determine whether a difference is practically significant; that is, whether it requires action.
The confidence interval around the difference also indicates statistical significance if the interval does not cross zero. It also provides likely boundaries for any improvement to aide in determining if a difference really is noteworthy.
With large sample sizes, you’re virtually certain to see statistically significant results, in such situations, it’s important to interpret the size of the difference”(“Measuring U”, 2019).
*Resource
Measuring U. (2019). Statistically significant. Retrieved May 17, 2019 from: https://measuringu.com/statistically-significant/
Small sample sizes often do not yield statistical significance; when they do, the differences themselves tend also to be practically significant; that is, meaningful enough to warrant action.
4.Research Method
Discuss the Research Methodology (in general). Describe the variable or variables that are being analyzed. Identify the statistical test you will select to analyze these data and explain why you chose this test. Summarize your statistical alternative hypothesis. This section includes the following sub-sections:
a)Describe the Dataset
Example: The primary source of data will be HOSPITAL COMPARE MEDICARE DATA (citation). This dataset provides information on hospital characteristics, such as: Number of staffed beds, ownership, system membership, staffing by nurses and non-clinical staff, teaching status, percentage of discharge for Medicare and Medicaid patients, and information regarding the availability of specialty and high-tech services, as well as Electronic Medical Record (EMR) use (Describe dataset in 2-3 lines, Google the dataset and find the related website to find more information about the data).
Also, describe the sample size; for example, “The writer is using Medicare data-2013, this data includes 3000 obs. for all of the hospitals in the US.”
b)Describe Variables
Next, review the database you selected and select a variable or variables that are a “best-fit.” That is, choose a variable that quantitatively measures the concept or concepts articulated in your research question or hypothesis.
Return to your previously stated Research Question or Hypothesis and evaluate it considering the variables you have selected. (See the sample Table 1).
Table 1. List of variables used for the analysis
Variable Definition Description
of code Source Year
Total Hospital Beds Total facility beds set up and staffed
at the end of the reporting period Numeric MN Data 2013
….
…..
Source: UMGC, 2019
***Just in time information:
To cite a dataset, you can go with two approaches:
First, look at the note in the dataset for example;
Medicare National Data by County. (2012). Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care, A
Second, use the online citation, for example:
Zare, H., (2019, May). MN Hospital Report Data. Data posted in University of Maryland University College HMGT 400 online classroom, archived at: http://campus.umgc.edu
See two examples describing the variables from Minnesota Data:
Table 2. Definition of variables used in the analysis
Variable Definition Description
of code Source Year
hospital_beds Total facility beds set up and staffed
at the end of the reporting period Numeric MN data 2013
year FY Categorical MN data 2013
Source: UMGC, 2019
c)Describe the Research Method for Analysis
First, describe the research method as a general (e.g., this is a quantitative method and then explain about this method in about one paragraph. If you have this part in the introduction, you do not need to add here).
Then, explain the statistical method you plan to use for your analysis (Refer to content in week 3 on Biostatistics for information on various statistical methods you can choose from).
Example:
Hypothesis: AZ hospitals are more likely to have lower readmission rates for PN compared to CA.
Research Method: To determine whether Arizona hospitals are more likely to have lower readmission rate than California, we will use a t-test, to determine whether differences across hospital types are statistically significant (You can change the test depends on your analysis).
d)Describe statistical package
Add one paragraph for the statistical package, e.g., Excel or RStudio.
5. Results
Discuss your findings considering the following tips:
▪ Why you needed to see the distribution of data before any analysis (e.g., check for outliers, finding the best fit test; for example, if the data had not a normal distribution, you can’t use the parametric test, etc., so just add 1 or 2 sentences).
▪ Did you eliminate outliers? (Please write 1 or 2 sentences, if applicable).
▪ How many observations do you have in your database and how many for selected variables, report % of missing.
▪ When you are finished with this, go for the next steps:
Present the results of your statistical analysis; include any relevant statistical information (summary tables, including N, mean, std. dev.). Make sure to completely and correctly name all your columns and rows, tables and variables. For this part you could have at least 1-2 tables and 1-2 figures (depending on your variables bar-chart, pi-chart, or scatter-plot), you can use a table like this:
Table 3. Descriptive analysis to compare % of BL in Medicare beneficiary, MD vs. VA- 2013
Variable Obs. Mean SD P-value
Per of Lipid in MD 24 83.20 2.32 0.4064
Per of Lipid in VA 124 82.69
4.41
Source: UMGC, 2019
When you have tables and plots ready, think about your finding and state the statistical conclusion. That is, do the results present evidence in favor or the null hypothesis or evidence that contradicts the null hypothesis?
6.Conclusion and Discussion
Review your research questions or hypothesis.
How has your analysis informed this question or hypothesis? Present your conclusion(s) from the results (presented above) and discuss the meaning of this conclusion(s) considering the research question or hypothesis presented in your introduction.
At the end of this section, add one or two sentences and discuss the limitations (including biases) associated with this analysis and any other statements you think are important in understanding the results of this analysis.
References
Include a reference page listing the bibliographic information for all sources cited in this report. This information should be consistent with the requirements specified in the American Psychological Association (APA) format and style guide.