Identify patients at risk for lack of understanding and not acting on health information

Health Literacy
Health literacy is a factor that has implications in all healthcare settings and for all patients (IOM, 2004). As mentioned elsewhere in this text, diver-sity is a key element of patient-centered care, but it is important to explicitly recognize it in terms of its relevance to public/community health as well. Patient education—whether from the perspective of individual patients, families, populations, or communities—is influenced by the relevant patient’s health literacy. One definition of health literacy is “the extent to which an individual is able to access and accurately interpret and evaluate health information,” which correlates with the earlier definition in a critical report on health literacy (Mitchell & Begoray, 2010). Effective health literacy improves self-management and engages the patient (individuals, families, populations, communities) in the process. Three key supporting interventions to better ensure health literacy are as follows (Sand-Jecklin, Murray, Summers, & Watson, 2010):
?Identify patients at risk for lack of understanding and not acting on health information.
?Communicate health information and instructions in a way that promotes patient understanding.
?Check for patient understanding.

Discuss the history of the Free Software Foundation and whether you think it provides a valuable service today or should it be deprecated

You’ve had some contact with Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. Discuss the history of the Free Software Foundation and whether you think it provides a valuable service today or should it be deprecated.

Using your own words, write at least 750 words in five paragraph format. Include 3 quotes with quotation marks and in-line citations from 3 different sources. Cite your sources in-line and in a reference list at the end. Provide proper attribution. Include a meaningful title.

Dignity in a hospital setting from a service users’ perspective?

I. What is the form of assessment?
For this assignment, you will conduct a narrative literature review on a topic.
Chosen topic: Dignity in a hospital setting from a service users’ perspective?

“A literature review is a comprehensive summary and critical appraisal of the literature that is relevant to your research topic. It presents the reader with what is already known in this field and identifies traditional and current controversies as well as weaknesses and gaps in the field.”
– Williamson G., Whitaker A. (2020). Succeeding in literature reviews and research project plans for
nursing students (4th ed). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

It is a critical review of the published literature on a particular subject.
You are expected to look at published work (not just research/studies) in a specific subject area. Literature reviews usually take the form of a critical discussion wherein the student is expected to show a critical understanding of the published work, as well as the differing arguments, theories and findings that they bring up.

For this assessment, you are required to write a narrative literature review. Such a review is usually driven by a general interest in a subject or a

question, and not necessarily by a scientific research approach. Take note, a literature review is not the same as a systematic review.

II. Why a literature review?
This form of assessment will demonstrate your ability to meet the module learning objectives wherein you will:
• Have a more in-depth study of your chosen topic.
• Undertake a review of existing literature and to critically appraise the information which is pertinent to the topic being investigated.
• Evaluate the information and organise it in a way to identify your perspective on the topic.

III. What should the literature review demonstrate?
Apart from critically appraising the literature that is relevant to the subject of interest, the content of your essay should also demonstrate the learning objectives of the module:
• Critically evaluate contemporary nursing practice and justify the need for future development in light of current evidence and policy direction in the field of adult nursing.
• Demonstrate the ability to assess and evaluate the delivery of care to individuals with complex health needs in the field of adult nursing.
• Critically evaluate the skills required by the nurse to engage and involve individuals, families and communities in decisions regarding their health and well-being in the field of adult nursing.

• Demonstrate the knowledge and skills required by the nurse when advocating for and on behalf of service users/clients in the field of adult nursing.
• Critically appraise the skills required for partnership working with service users / clients and other professionals in the field of adult nursing.
• Reflect on individual professional development within the field of adult nursing, and identify ongoing personal training and development needs.

IV. What should the essay include?
The total word allocation for this literature review is 4000. Below is the guidance with a suggested structure to the essay:

Introduction (approx. 500 words)

• Have an essay topic sentence – a topic sentence is a sentence that sets the whole scene. It is the sentence that will entice the reader to keep on reading your essay.
• Background information – This elaborates the rationale for your chosen topic. Explain how the assignment developed and why a literature review on your chosen topic is important – are there recent or current events, experiences that you may have had, or published literature that supports the need for you to conduct a literature review on your chosen topic or research question? Or perhaps there is a need to find out of a more effective or efficient way to render nursing care.
• Mention how this literature review will contribute to your field of nursing.
• Mention which theme you have chosen. And as the 3 themes are very broad, there is a need to then describe the focus or scope of the subject that you wish to explore (funnelling – broad to narrow).
For example,
If you have chosen the theme service user’s perspectives and you are
looking at exploring the “experiences of adult patients of virtual clinics after undergoing knee surgery”, then make sure to stick to reviewing literature that examine patient experiences.
• State the aim of the essay, followed by sentences that tell the reader how you are going to achieve this. This can be done by presenting or introducing to the reader, in a chronological order, what you will be discussing throughout the essay.
Search strategy (approx. 300 words)

A search strategy “is an organised investigation for material relevant to your topic across a range of sources” (Williamson & Whittaker, 2020). Your explanation of the strategy should include:

• The types and nature of literature searched
• Search engines and databases used

• The use of Boolean operators (e.g. AND, OR, NOT), truncation, etc.
• List the keywords used together with the Boolean operators, truncation or quotation marks used in searching.
• Search parameters/limiters applied (filters) e.g. date range, English language, peer-reviewed, country/ies of publication.
• Present the retrieval rate i.e. (1) the number of results from the initial search, (2) the number of results after applying limiters, and then (3) the final number of studies that you will review.
• Explain the criteria for including those particular studies in the review. In other words, state how you narrowed down the number of studies that you will review and how you were able to pick out the literature that is most relevant to the topic.
• The critical appraisal tool used

TIP: There isn’t a specific number of literature that you have to review. What is important is the curation of the literature and that you will be able to read each one fully in detail.

TIP: Once you have selected the literature you will review, you will need to make sure that you have full access to each of the evidence.
Review of the literature (approx. 2500 words)

This is the main part of the assignment. Here, you will begin to present your review of the literature that you have included.

One way to present your review is by writing according to the emerging themes which are the information or concepts that appear throughout the literature. This is known as thematic analysis.

Another way is to write according to the issues or problems related to the topic. This can be presented in a Problem-Cause-Solution order.

In this section, you will:

• Compare and contrast analyses made by the authors of the literature
• Identify any strengths, weakness or limitations of the literature (e.g. critically appraising the methodology used in the study, sampling method, the findings of the study, etc.)
• Offer your interpretation and judgement of the evidence.

• Present your analyses and arguments based on the knowledge you have gained from the literature.
• Present your appraisal of the literature with the help of the critical appraisal tool that you used.
• Remember, you must read each literature in detail for you to create a comprehensive body of knowledge in your essay. And from that body of knowledge, you will then generate your analyses, arguments and conclusions.

TIP: Do not just simply describe what the literature are saying. You will also need to explain their impact on nursing practice and offer recommendations.
Summary (approx. 500 words)

In this section, you are expected to draw together the key findings and judgements that you have made from your review of the literature section, and the implications of your findings to your field of nursing.

TIP: There is no need to introduce new literature here as you are basically condensing the 2500 words that you used in your review of the literature section into 500 words. The purpose of this is to highlight your key findings, analyses, arguments and judgements based on the review that you have conducted. This is where the synthesis of the literature can be clearly established.
Conclusion (approx. 200 words)

This section identifies the over-all achievement of your review.

TIPS:
– Revisit the aim of your essay, was it achieved?
– Reflect on your review, did it answer your research question?
– Evaluate the body of knowledge that you have produced, does it satisfy your research topic? Or did you identify gaps?
– If the literature doesn’t satisfy your research topic or if they not
comprehensive enough, what do you recommend?

TIP: There is no need to introduce new literature or ideas here because you are simply creating closing remarks based on the review that you have done.

References (APA 6th edition)

As this assignment is based upon published literature, your attention to detail in referencing both in the body (citation) and reference list is crucial.

In the reference list, you will already include:

– The literature you reviewed (no need for a separate list for these)
– Resources you used to help you appraise the literature
– Literature to support your background information
– Literature you used to support your analyses, arguments and recommendations.

TIP: The quality of the referencing style and the type references that you used for your essay will be assessed.

What strategies would you use to help yourself be better prepared for sitting at the bargaining table?

Labor Contract Negotiations

Imagine you were selected to participate in your firm’s labor contract negotiations. What strategies would you use to help yourself be better prepared for sitting at the bargaining table? You may take either an organization or union perspective.

Analyse the needs, goals and aspirations of organisations and people involved in interorganisational strategies

Learners may use their own employment context, or that of another organisation with which
they are very familiar, to base their assignment. However, in the case that they are not able
to do so, please use the below scenario:-
You are a senior manager in a business unit of a medium sized enterprise, with functional
management and organisational leadership responsibilities.
Please select and research an organisation of your choice to identify its culture, values,
ethics and legal and regulatory commitments.
Provide brief details of your research in a summary of between 200 and 250 words, this
should not be counted towards the suggested word count. Use the results of your research
to answer the tasks below.
Organisation name: Chosen company Rolls Royce PLC
https://www.rolls-royce.com
Details of your research:
Guidance
The written word, however generated and recorded, is still expected to form the majority of
assessable work produced by Learners at Level 8. The amount and volume of work for each
Unit at this level should be broadly comparable to a word count of 4000- 4500 words.
Task 1
AC 1.1 Analyse the needs, goals and aspirations of organisations and people involved in
interorganisational strategies
GOOD PRACTICE:
In answering this criterion Learners should take cognisance of the STEEPV factors impacting an
organisation’s business units particularly if this involves multinational and international links.
Learners should look beyond the more obvious technological and political for example and review
the softer issues for example the values and beliefs, in other words, their world view
(Weltanschuung). A full answer could also comment on the alignment of the needs, goals and
aspirations of the people involved and their respective organisational entities. Some comments on
autonomy and the effectiveness of policy and strategy cascade from Group HQ to organisational
entities would add to the answer.
YOUR ANSWER:
AC 1.2 Evaluate the strategic skills required of the leader to achieve the identified strategic
leadership ambitions
GOOD PRACTICE:
In making an evaluation, you could view skills in terms of behavioural competences and knowhows
needed to address strategic/critical business activities such as mergers and acquisitions;
organisational redesign; selection of partners and suppliers.
Reference could be made to some of the specific domain knowledge and expertise required for the
job role in order to achieve strategic leadership ambitions. Learner evaluation could further make
reference to writers such as Gareth Morgan (McGill) and future/21st Century management
competences that include dealing with ambiguity; working collaboratively, remote management,
holism, environmental scanning and identifying fracture lines.
A more developed response might further comment on the strengths, weaknesses and relevance
of the Anglo American management model and associated tools and techniques in Asia Pacific,
EMEA and BIC markets.
YOUR ANSWER:
AC 1.3 Assess the relationship between existing, required and future skills to achieve the
identified strategic leadership ambitions.
GOOD PRACTICE:
Here the assessment could build upon the response to assessment criteria 1.1 and 1.2 and take
your assessment to look at not just existing but also the required and future skills that will better
enable mangers to achieve the identified strategic leadership across the E2E Supplier Customer
Chain and those issues that have been previously identified.
YOUR ANSWER:
Task 2
AC 2.1 Discuss the opportunities to achieve strategic leadership development
GOOD PRACTICE:
In discussing the opportunities to achieve strategic leadership development, the Learner could
refer to the overall corporate governance structure; policy and strategy cascade and the
communications channels in place. In other words, the context and environment in which
opportunities to achieve strategic leadership development can occur. Some comments on the
constraints (theory of Constraints) and barriers in place would add to the answer.
YOUR ANSWER:
» LEARNING OUTCOME 1 : Be able to identify persodership ambitions
AC 2.2 Construct a personal development plan to achieve strategic leadership development
GOOD PRACTICE:
Here the Learner are required to construct a Personal Development Plan (PDP) to achieve
strategic leadership development. At this level Learners should be looking beyond the here and
now and current competencies and skills. This could include behaviours, underpinning knowledge
needed to fulfil a job role within their area of responsibility in context of their organisation and
developing skills these might include those less obvious skills for example language skills or
emotional intelligence. Learners might also set out the current and future requirement for requisite
behaviours and know how’s along with the associated dates by when these would be achieved and
that this period of time indicate, short medium and longer term objectives. Some might find it useful
to undertake psychometric testing of some sort to support their personal development and provide
some base line assessment.
YOUR ANSWER:
AC 2.3 Devise an implementation process for the development plan
GOOD PRACTICE:
In devising an implementation process for the development plan answers would refer to an
appropriate implementation strategy; CSFs, Constraints and Assumptions and include resource
implications and possible plans to gain those resources that might be financial but could also
include others and time provision.
YOUR ANSWER:
Task 3
AC 3.1 Assess the achievement of outcomes of the plan against strategic needs
GOOD PRACTICE:
When making the assessment, Learners could start by making reference to strategic planning
process adopted by the organisation. For example, a deliberate or emergent strategy of the
resource base views of the firm (RBV).
This section can only be completed when some of the activities in the plan have taken place and
will possibly be in line with the review dates set out in the original plan. For this criterion you will
note that the objectives in the initial plan need to be measurable if they are to be measured and
built upon as part of the review process.
The plan also needs to consider the changes in the organisation or sector and may need to be
reviewed in the light of these. For example Learners might need to revise the plan in the light of the
maturity of the organisation. For example, a start-up; a mature or declining organisation as each
type will require different leadership styles and domain knowledge. Learners might also need to
adjust to any changes made in organisational style and culture and note that there may be cultural
differences in business units and different locations.
YOUR ANSWER:
AC 3.2 Evaluate the impact of the achievement of objectives on strategic leadership
ambitions
GOOD PRACTICE:
Again Learners will need to evaluate the impact of the achievement of objectives on strategic
leadership ambitions. A full answer could set this out in the form of a gap analysis indicating the
gap between current and future objectives and progress achieved towards meeting strategic
leadership ambitions. The answer could also indicate any constraints, assumptions, critical
decisions and critical success factors (CSFs) and measures (KPIs) associated with the
achievement of objectives on strategic leadership ambitions.
YOUR ANSWER:
AC 3.3 Review and update the leadership development plan
GOOD PRACTICE:
In reviewing and updating the leadership development plan, Learners could review the relevance
of the current leadership development plan in context of the emerging STEEPV factors impacting
at a national or international level or based on a change in personal goals or opportunities.
YOUR ANSWER:
Task 4
AC 4.1 Evaluate the extent to which the strategic needs of organisations involved in interorganisational
strategy are met from current resources
GOOD PRACTICE:
In evaluating the extent to which the strategic needs of organisations involved in interorganisational
strategy are met from current resources, a full answer could draw upon some of the
ideas of Stafford Beer (Viable Systems Model) and Ross Ashby (Law of Requisite Variety). In
particular, the design of variety amplification and attenuation mechanisms in the context of the
environment and markets in which an organisation operates.
Examples of impact could be the Learner’s role or the impact of other’s that have been developed
as managers in the organisation’s developments in customer services, brand management and
liquidity.
YOUR ANSWER:
AC 4.2 Formulate proposals to develop the strategic leadership resource
GOOD PRACTICE:
When formulating proposals to develop the strategic leadership resource Learners could base the
proposals on a variety of approaches to management. This might also include:
? A detailed functional proposal based on a detailed knowledge of the resource requirements
? An outcome based requirement based on the specification of the performance targets
A scenario based requirement where development of the strategic leadership resource is aligned to
one or more business scenarios, for example, takeover, mergers, developing strategic partnerships
and suppliers noting inter-organisational strategy
YOUR ANSWER:
AC 4.3 Evaluate the effectiveness of strategic leadership development in achieving
advancement of professional leadership practice across organisations
GOOD PRACTICE:
Here Learners are asked to evaluate the effectiveness of strategic leadership development in
achieving advancement of professional leadership practice across organisations. Learners might
choose one specific organisation to give this section some structure then draw upon reading of
other examples both national and international. Responses could build upon the ideas from
assessment criterion 3.2 and explain in more detail the constraints, assumptions, critical decisions
and critical success factors (CSFs) and measures (KPIs) associated with achieving advancement
of professional leadership practice across organisations. Learners might further note the
organisational context and cultural norms that might have an effect on the advancement of
professional leadership

Critique healthcare reform process in the US health care system

Medication Error
The Electronic Medical Record: Efficient Medical Care or Disaster in the Making?
These case studies will cover topics on quality/patient safety and finance, which include making decisions and addressing concerns as a healthcare leader. You will have the opportunity to discuss a case among your fellow students and perform a written analysis on the case.

Your Learning Objectives for the Week:

Formulate recommendations for enhancing health care organizational effectiveness based on analysis of systems for planning, decision-making, budgeting, and control.
Interpret the formulation and implementation of business strategies in health care organizations, models of strategic management, and the role of stakeholders in the strategic management process.
Critique healthcare reform process in the US health care system, reviewing major proposals for system reform currently under consideration including governance and accountability models

What would the nurse include when assessing general mobility status?

ROM Exercises Study Questions
Terminology
1. Fill in the blanks below with the term that describes each range of motion activity.
a. Pointing toes upward
b. Further extension or straightening
c. A body part turning on its axis away from the body
d. Lateral movement of a body part toward the midline of the body
e. Movement of the sole or foot outward Pointing the toes downward
2. To learn this terminology, practice the following with another lab group member by video, through ‘teams’ or Face time Video
? Flexion and extension
? Hyperextension
? Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
? Abduction and adduction
? Eversion and inversion
? Pronation and supination
? Internal and external rotation
? Circumduction
* Be prepared to demonstrate these joint movements in lab.
3. Match the type of joint listed in Part A with the examples listed in Part B:
Part A: Part B:
a) ball & socket joint
b) condyloid joint
c) gliding joint
d) hinge joint
e) pivot joint
f) saddle joint 1..____ elbow and the knee
2.____ joint in the thumb
3.____ the joint in the neck
4.____ wrist & finger joint
5.____ shoulder and hip joint
6.____ joint in foot that allows inversion & eversion
4. What does the term passive range of motion mean?
5. What does the term active range of motion mean?

Assessment
6. Range of motion assessment is one part of an overall mobility assessment.
a. What would the nurse include when assessing general mobility status?
b. What would the nurse include when assessing range of motion?
Critical Thinking
7. Ms. Yu is a 92 year old woman in a long term care setting who has had a stroke leading to limited mobility. As the nurse, you are performing active range of motion. Ms. Yu begins to groan and says “it hurts’. What will the nurse do and why?

Appraise the key legislative drivers in relation to sustainable building, low carbon design and energy efficiency of buildings.

Assessment Rationale
Coursework aims:
Assessment for this module is based on the design of building services solutions for
domestic and commercial buildings and an ability to demonstrate the sustainability of
these solutions, whilst maintaining human comfort.
Students will look at a case study building in order to undertake this assessment.
In the report (1000 words), which should include text, drawings and calculations,
students design a simple services solution for a domestic building, including an
assessment of the energy performance of the building, drawings and a rationale
explaining their design. (LO1, LO2 and LO3)
This coursework addresses the module learning outcomes. Namely, by the end of
the module the successful student will be able to:
1. Appraise the key legislative drivers in relation to sustainable building, low carbon
design and energy efficiency of buildings. (KU)
2. Undertake energy and carbon assessments using standard metrics and software
and analyse the results of such assessments. (KU)
3. Evaluate the function and design of building services for a simple building, relating
to sustainability and human comfort. (KU)
Approved Document L1a plays a role in reducing CO
2
Emissions
4
5CNMN005W Environmental Science 2021_22
Introduction to the Coursework
Requirements/Format
The coursework is an individual report, with a word count of 1000 words max and should
include text, drawings and calculations. Note. Drawings, tables and calculations will not
count towards your 1000 word count.
The coursework has a weighting of 25% towards your final module mark.
Key elements of the project will require in-depth research and proposals. These ‘key
elements’ are outlined below in the assessment criteria.
Note: It is important to support all of your proposals with an appropriate rationale.
You will be provided with drawings of a simple 2 storey domestic construction on
which your coursework is to be based.
You will also be provided with a model of the building in Design SAP which is a
software package that you will use to analyse the building’s energy performance.
Design SAP 2012 calculates the SAP rating, the environmental impact rating
(EIR), the dwelling emission rate (DER), the target emission rate (TER), the
dwelling fabric energy efficiency (DFEE) and the target fabric energy efficiency
(TFEE) as well as incorporating Elmhurst’s professional U-Value calculator.
https://www.elmhurstenergy.co.uk/software/sap-energy-software
The coursework requires you to propose 2 enhancements to the house which improve its
energy performance characteristics by reducing its operational energy demand.
Your 2 enhancements must be as follows:-
1. To improve the fabric of the building, supported by u-value calculations
2. To improve the heating of the building
You will evidence the improvements to the building through comparing the building
performance of the house you are given, with the one which incorporates your
enhancements.
Your report is to be presented with the following supporting information (as a minimum):-
1. A title page. – Not included in word count
Do NOT include your name or student number within the file name or anywhere
within your submission. The submission will be subject to anonymous marking.
Having logged into Turn-it-in on Blackboard, the system will record your
details anonymously and tutors will only see your name after the entire submission
has been assessed and provisional marks have been released to all students at the
same time.”
2. A contents page. – Not included in word count
5
5CNMN005W Environmental Science 2021_22
3. A clear introduction setting out the performance characteristics of the house
before your suggested enhancements. This could commentary on information
such as:
a. the building’s use
b. it’s existing construction
c. the site and location
4. Proposals and rationale behind your 2 chosen enhancements including
demonstrating how they are compatible with the building’s existing or proposed
use, construction and location.
5. Supporting drawings and calculations should be of relevant technical details
complete with explanatory notes.
6. The report should be professionally presented, organised in a logical manner. It
should be easy to follow and to identify the main points.
7. The graphic material should add value, not confuse or have a neutral effect.
8. A conclusion, providing a clear summary of your proposals.
9. A list of references. Not included in word count.
10. The text is to be written with correct spelling, grammar and punctuation.

Is there a linkage between genetic factors and the risk of individuals developing Parkinson’s disease?

INTRODUCTION
Introduction to the Problem
Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disease that causes motor and non-motor symptoms over time. Tremors, delayed movement, the rigidity of the arms and legs, and shaking arms are some of the most prevalent symptoms of the condition, which is regarded as the second most common neurological disease after Alzheimer’s. Parkinson’s disease symptoms usually start gradually and get worse over time. As the disease progresses, a person may experience mobility and communication issues (Postuma et al., 2015). In addition, mental and behavioral changes and sleep troubles, melancholy, memory loss, and lethargy may occur. Through its progressive degenerative effects on movement and muscular function, the disease has a significant clinical impact on patients, their family members, and caregivers. According to studies, three out of every thousand adults over the age of 50 suffer from the illness (Westenberger, 2012).
Background of the Problem
In 1817, Dr. James Parkinson first described PD as “shaking palsy” (Polymeropoulos, 1996). According to studies, pathophysiological changes linked to the disease may start before motor symptoms appear. They can involve a wide range of nonmotor symptoms, such as sleep problems, depression, and cognitive issues (Westenberger, 2012).
Diseases have appeared and disappeared throughout history, while some have risen or reduced in occurrence. Such epidemiological patterns have been more pronounced in infectious diseases (for example, the elimination of smallpox). Still, they have also been seen in chronic disorders (such as reducing vitamin deficiencies and cardiovascular disease). Changing patterns in the epidemiology of neurological illnesses have been observed during the last three or four decades. In several high-income countries, the incidence of stroke and dementia has reduced (specifically in North America and Western Europe). Nonetheless, the risk of Parkinson’s disease has risen (Rocca, 2017; Rocca, 2018).
In the United States, The Parkinson’s Disease Foundations reports that approximately 1 million Americans currently live with the illness (Westenberger, 2012). Parkinson’s disease is estimated to affect 20 people out of every 100,000 people each year, with a typical presentation age of 60 years. In persons 60 years and older, the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease is estimated to be around 1%, increasing from 1% to 3% in those aged 80 and above. It is, however, crucial to note that these figures do not represent undiagnosed cases.
The unpredictable but noticeable course of Parkinson’s disease substantially impacts individuals, families, and society. The advanced and end-stage illness can result in significant consequences, such as pneumonia, often fatal (Postuma et al., 2015). Even though current treatment focuses on symptom management, research suggests that patients benefit from a multidisciplinary approach to care. An interdisciplinary approach is movement experts, social workers, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals.
PD is linked to several risk factors and genetic abnormalities. Oxidative stress, the generation of free radicals, and various environmental pollutants are risk factors for the disease. Although only limited data exist to support the genetic associations of Parkinson’s disease with gene mutations, the variable prevalence suggests that these factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of the illness (Redensek, 2017).
Statement of the Problem
The problem is that it has become clear that Parkinson’s disease is a complex genetically heterogeneous disorder (Polymeropoulos, 1996). To illustrate how complicated it is, we may talk about 28 distinctive chromosomal areas associated with PD. Just six of these regions contain genetic makeup with mutations that lead to monogenic PD, a type of disease in which a single gene mutation is enough to cause symptoms. Even when considered together, the mutation in these six genes is responsible for only 3–5% of all sporadic disease instances (Westenberger, 2012). Instead, the genesis of Parkinson’s disease is multifaceted and results from a complex interaction of commonly unidentified components, including multiple genes, susceptibility variants’ altering effects, environmental factors, and gene-environment interactions. Alterations (or mutations) in specific genes are passed down or transmitted from one generation to another in some families. Researchers are still puzzled why some ethnic groups, such as Ashkenazi and Northern Africa Arab Berbers, are more likely to possess genes associated with Parkinson’s disease (Day, 2021).
Purpose of the Study
It’s critical to understand the role of genetics as a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. Understanding how Parkinson’s disease is linked to genetics will help us better understand how the disease develops and, ultimately, how this could be managed or cured. Such knowledge may assist doctors (1) in recognizing the genes that are linked to Parkinson’s disease, (2) in identifying the people who are most likely to develop Parkinson’s disease, (3) in providing a platform for the discovery of novel possible targets for neuroprotective therapy. Through genetic mapping, (4) to determine how accurate gene mapping is for Parkinson’s disease, (5) to establish whether genetic mapping can help figure out what caused the gene mutation and how the condition progressed, (6) to stratify PD patients based on their genetic fingerprint and tailor their therapy and supporting measures accordingly.
Research Question
This project aims to answer the following question: Is there a linkage between genetic factors and the risk of individuals developing Parkinson’s disease?
Significance of the Study
One way to divide Parkinson’s disease is through genetics. Aetiologies, therapies, and prognoses for different subgroups may differ. Age of onset (early- vs. late-onset PD, with a cut-off of 50 years of age), family history (familial vs. sporadic PD), and pathogenic variations (monogenic vs. idiopathic PD) are all common stratification criteria for Parkinson’s disease (Dumitriu, 2012; Redensek, 2017). Because the linkage between genetic factors and the risk of individuals developing PD has not been realized fully, this research will add to the body of knowledge of this understanding. This is because understanding the genetic factor of the disease will impact its mapping and clinical care.
To begin, the research will aid in identifying the causal genes and highlighting critical biological processes in pathogenesis. As revealed by the study conducted by Nalls et al. (2015), this will aid early diagnosis and indicate the disease’s prognosis. Initial non-motor indicators mixed with genetic susceptibility may be an excellent way to identify people in the early phases of the illness. Only genetic testing for sporadic PD diagnosis or prediction of sporadic PD development is not specific or sensitive enough at this time. No known genetic component or combination of genetic variables can predict the onset of sporadic PD with certainty.
Second, it can accurately classify the disease presentations into groups with common genetic origins. This is critical for ‘precision medicine,’ which focuses on a patient’s precise disease subtype. It would also be fascinating to examine the relationship between illness progression and genetic abnormalities in genes involved in various pathways. To illustrate, GBA mutations or MAPT H1 allele status could be independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in PD patients, and knowing these statuses in patients could affect therapy options (Lill, 2016). Patients have only been divided into groups based on their phenotypes thus far (Fereshtehnejad, 2015).
Different combinations of genetic abnormalities, on the other hand, should be investigated in order to develop a method for stratifying PD patients depending on the cumulative effects of genetic predisposition factors within and across pathways. Patients with different genetic abnormalities may require different treatment approaches; thus, stratifying Parkinson’s disease patients based on their underpinning genetic conditions could be beneficial in a therapeutic context. Because we can stratify patients into groups based on their impaired pathways and treat them based on their underlying pathologic processes, this type of tailored treatment could become the treatment of choice in the future for PD. Physicians could tweak therapy for each group to get the best potential result (Fereshtehnejad, 2015).
Finally, as we better understand the impact of genetic variations on disease risk, onset, and progression, the implications and prognosis may be addressed openly with individuals, empowering them to make informed decisions.
Assumptions
The following assumptions are made regarding this project. (1) The review of the literature was conducted by one author, therefore, risking bias during the research assessment; (2) The research question will elicit reliable responses as the study will involve quantitative methodology involving large populations; (3) There is a similarity in the participant characteristics within the study as the research involves participants who have Parkinson’s disease; (4) The study can be replicated since it uses a systematic approach to data collection, analysis, and synthesizing.
Limitations
The majority of the studies used in the literature review were conducted in the United States, and their findings do not reflect the conclusions of other populations around the world. The majority of studies focus on older people. Still, it is crucial to study midlife because it is a critical age for developing PD, with substantial individual heterogeneity and long-standing consequences in later life stages. The neurological system’s health specifically is impacted by lifestyle choices made around middle age. Excessive stress in middle age, for example, is linked to self-care incapacity later in life. In terms of PD-specific behavioral impacts, in midlife, a physically and cognitively active lifestyle is linked to a lower risk of illness. It can lower the risk of Parkinson’s disease by up to 40%. As a result, detecting Parkinson’s disease in middle age through mapping would offer patients the opportunity to take advantage of the neuroprotective capabilities of positive behavioral and environmental factors, particularly physical activity (Redensek, 2017).
Another critical limitation is the degree of epigenetic variations in patients that exceeds variance between populations and cell makeup of the examined tissue. To evaluate the most suitable individuals, standardization must be enhanced. Furthermore, reliable web resources that are not peer-reviewed were excluded since they caused coding and data analysis problems.
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative brain illness with a significant genetic component. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent degenerative brain illness after Alzheimer’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is thought to be caused by a combination of hereditary and environmental factors. The disease’s current clinical diagnosis is based on late-stage motor symptoms when many nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons have already been destroyed. The study will analyze the type of genes linked to Parkinson’s disease and whether gene mapping can be used in the early diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
The second chapter contains a review of previous research, including its history and current situation, which will support the stated public health issue. This chapter will thus give a detailed explanation of prior research conducted on genetic factors like a predisposition for PD. Chapter three comprises the systematic literature review methodology consisting of the description of the participants and their inclusion and exclusion criteria.

References
Day, J. O., & Mullin, S. (2021). The genetics of Parkinson’s disease and implications for clinical practice. Genes, 12(7), 1006.
Dumitriu, A. (2012). Genome-wide expression and genomic data integration analyses in sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Boston University.
Klein, C., & Westenberger, A. (2012). Genetics of Parkinson’s disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2(1).
Lill, C. M. (2016). Genetics of Parkinson’s disease. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 30(6), 386-396.
Nalls, M. A., Pankratz, N., Lill, C. M., Do, C. B., Hernandez, D. G., Saad, M., … & Singleton, A. B. (2014). Large-scale meta-analysis of genome-wide association data identifies six new risk loci for Parkinson’s disease. Nature Genetics, 46(9), 989-993.
Redenšek, S., Trošt, M., & Dolžan, V. (2017). Genetic determinants of Parkinson’s disease: Can they help to stratify the patients based on the underlying molecular defect? Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 20.
Rocca, W. A. (2017). Time, sex, gender, history, and dementia. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 31(1), 76.
Rocca, W. A. (2018). The future burden of Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 33(1), 8.
Postuma, R. B., Berg, D., Stern, M., Poewe, W., Olanow, C. W., Oertel, W., … & Deuschl, G. (2015). MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 30(12), 1591-1601.
Polymeropoulos, M. H., Higgins, J. J., Golbe, L. I., Johnson, W. G., Ide, S. E., Di Iorio, G., … & Duvoisin, R. C. (1996). Mapping of a gene for Parkinson`s disease to chromosome 4q21-q23. Science, 274(5290), 1197-1199.

What are the major barriers preventing Asian populations from seeking mental health services?

METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This section provides the framework specific to how the systematic literature review was
conducted to answer the study’s research question. In addition, it describes the target groups of
the studies collected, as well as the methods that were used to gather the research articles.
Research Question
This project aims to answer the following research question: What are the major barriers
preventing Asian populations from seeking mental health services?
Description of the Participants
Research articles selected for the systematic literature review consisted of any population
of Asian descent living in a developed country. For example, Chinese immigrants, Japanese,
Filipino, Indonesian, Cambodian refugees, Indians, Malaysian, South Asian Immigrants in
Calgary, Taiwanese, Vietnamese Canadians, Thai, Laotian, and Korean (Americans) were
among those described in the study population. There were no other criteria used for selection of
target groups (e.g., age, profession, gender, education level).
Instrumentation
A systematic literature search was conducted in August 2016 on published studies
identifying barriers to utilizing mental health services among Asian subgroups living in North
America. Ten databases were used, including: PubMed, ProQuest Central, Academic Search
Premier, PsycARTICLES, Springer Standard Collection, CINAHL Plus with Full Text,
Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, JSTOR Arts and Sciences VII, Sage Premier,
and ScienceDirect ArticleChoice. Boolean operators were used to create various search strings
with terms related to “barriers AND mental health services AND Asian*”.
Ethical Considerations
The study did not require Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval as the study was a
systematic literature review. To achieve the highest level of credibility when conducting the
review, only peer-reviewed, scholarly research articles were chosen for analysis.