Government intervention in a market economy is justified by market failure. Briefly explain in what way markets can fail and what kind of activities should be performed by the state to address these inefficiencies.

Description Please answer both questions. The answers should be 750 words for each question. Please provide correct citations for each resource where the examples are coming from.

Question 1 Government intervention in a market economy is justified by market failure. Briefly explain in what way markets can fail and what kind of activities should be performed by the state to address these inefficiencies. Do governments respond to market failures to the same degree? Provide examples from different countries and time periods reported in journal articles, news stories or government reports. Make sure you critically discuss each example in detail and provide your own critical overview.

Question 2: In the case of a negative externality (for example, air pollution resulting from coal burning) what kind of government policies can be used to achieve the social optimum? Critically analyse and compare these policies. Use government reports, journal articles and news stories to support your answer.

did he have the means and motive to kill her since he was the ex-boyfriend after all that has happened between them two and others?

Serial Episode Nine

https://serialpodcast.org/season-one/9/to-be-suspected

Part I – Please listen to the Serial Episode and post a thoughtful question in our class forum as described in the Syllabus.

Part II – Please respond thoughtfully to at least one other student’s question as described in the Syllabus.

After listening to this week’s podcast material, I was left with a lot of ‘???’ reason for this is that in the previous episode, we got to know that the phone calls made on the day that Hae was murdered were a vital piece of evidence. Especially the 2:36 call argued in previous episodes to be a critical link in the evidence chain putting it all in place. In this episode, it is strange that they now start to challenge that narrative that even took place. Before, it was said the phone call came from a booth close to BestBuy, but now it was argued by Koenig and others that it didn’t even exist at all. At the same time, I question whether it happened at BestBuy or at the public library, which is Chris’s narrative of events that day. Still, it seems strange that it would have occurred at a library because it was a very open place, according to Koenig describing it. I don’t think Adnan would have murdered Hae there because it was way too loose, which is another factor that complicates matters more for him. I find it very interesting that the contact between Adnan and Aisha at 6 pm challenges that narrative of time because none of them could, with definite proof, say that they called each other first. Another area that I want to touch on is that Adnan’s complete denial of what had happened blamed him much more than before; his denial and utter complete shock further put him in the presumption that he either didn’t do it since he wanted to get the trial over with as soon as possible to start the appeals process or that he was the actual killer because he had motive and means to kill Hae as per the judge’s words. He used his intellect, physical strength, and charismatic ability to manipulate everyone. So, the question truly is, did he have the means and motive to kill her since he was the ex-boyfriend after all that has happened between them two and others?

Develop arguments for and against the auction of the medical records.

1.   Privacy and Data Protection

In today’s technologically driven world, storage and transmission of personal data is the norm. It is not unusual for data about an individual to be stored in thirty or more different places by different companies or organisations. Online retailers, media-streaming companies, social media sites, banks, insurance companies, medical services, educational establishments, and local authorities, are amongst the many organisations that store data about individuals. With a plethora of data sources, as well as a variety of different security arrangements, it is not entirely unknown for some of that data to end up in the hands of those who should not see it.

Because of some early electronic data breaches, most governments have created laws that protect an individual’s rights in terms of data access and security. In the UK, the adoption of the EU’s 2018 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which replaces the UK’s Data Protection Act, is an example of such laws. These specify the rights of individuals to see the data that is stored about them and place stipulations on those storing the data. Allowing data to be accessed flagrantly, not placing data in sufficiently secure storage mechanisms, or not allowing individuals to see what is held about them, all constitute breaches of this legislation.

Despite these laws, it is not uncommon for data breaches to occur. The often-feared occurrence of hacking, which involves an outside entity breaking into a system to gather information, does happen, but is not as common as most people think. Instead, the most common reason for data loss is incompetence whereby access credentials are left exposed, private data is transmitted/given away by accident, systems left open by mistake or actual coding errors. The next most common cause is insider knowledge and misuse (i.e., ‘inside jobs’). Actual physical theft of data storage devices or computers, such as stealing laptops from cars, is the next most common reason. Viruses or malware present much smaller causes of data breach.

That said, if an individual becomes a victim of a data breach, irrespective of method, the results can be serious. Financial loss, reputational loss and loss of private and personal information can all affect an individual, sometimes disastrously.

Hypothetical Scenario

The UK’s National Health Service has recently proposed to allow third parties to access to patient medical records. The third parties comprise pharmaceutical companies, private medical research companies and big-data analysis companies. The NHS will auction one million patient records at a time, and the records will go to the highest bidder. Monies received will go back to patient care. It is envisaged that each batch of patient records will occur every three months until all records have been released.

Develop arguments for and against the auction of the medical records. You may want to consider what could happen to the data upon its release, or any laws that may be broken. Consider the likely benefits to the public. Also consider what mechanisms for data protection should be explored or stipulated by the NHS prior to the release of the records.

Develop arguments for and against crypto-currencies. The considerations here are establishing frictionless financial transactions, anonymity, and the ability to transcend international boundaries, along with the link between crypto-currencies and crime (due to the anonymity of transactions) and the ability to evade local tax legislation.

Crypto-Currencies

In recent years, there has been much excitement surrounding crypto-currencies. These are purely digital mechanisms to represent money. They have no paper-based or real-world version. Transactions are recorded digitally. Crypto-currencies transcend international boundaries and jurisdictions.

The concept behind crypto-currencies is that they provide an anonymous means to hold and transfer money. They are designed in such a way to hide details of ownership and retain the anonymity of those involved in any transactions. Because of these design features, many governments, tax departments and law-enforcement agencies have declared crypto-currencies dangerous – they claim that criminals can easily take advantage of their anonymous properties and others can use them to avoid paying tax.

Crypto-currencies usually work by recording transactions in what is known as a ‘block chain’. This is a very large distributed data store that is effectively a ‘ledger’ or ‘record’ of transactions. This ledger is held on the many computers (known as ‘nodes’) that participate in supporting a particular block-chain. Individual transactions are added to the block-chain and are communicated between the nodes. Fundamentally, the block-chain is a data set and associated mathematical equations comprising algorithms that are used to validate the integrity of the data. Computers that participate in supporting a particular block-chain assist in processing the algorithms that check the data. Undertaking such activities reward those involved by awarding them an amount of the crypto-currency that the block-chain supports. This is known as ‘mining’, but without it, the given crypto-currency will stall as the transactions will go unverified and therefore be un-trusted.

Develop arguments for and against crypto-currencies. The considerations here are establishing frictionless financial transactions, anonymity, and the ability to transcend international boundaries, along with the link between crypto-currencies and crime (due to the anonymity of transactions) and the ability to evade local tax legislation. You may also wish to consider any limitations to the underlying technology.

Develop arguments to determine whether the internet should be controlled on behalf of internet services providers (ISP) or not.

Net Neutrality

The original founders of the internet, and subsequently, the wide-wide-web, envisaged equality in terms of how and when network data should be routed around the networks.

Recently, the large media streaming services and some internet service providers have lobbied governments in the US and Europe (including the UK) to allow certain data to be routed with a higher priority than other traffic. The services would decide which traffic would be routed and when.

Arguments have raged for many years about this, with proponents of net neutrality wanting the internet to remain free of control of data, especially by big corporations and governments. On the other side, many companies want control to enhance network transmission speeds and to generate extra sources of income.

Service providers claim that they need to do this to ensure optimum network speeds in the face of ever-increasing video traffic and to ensure a high quality of service for their customers. The providers often say they would charge a premium to eliminate waits/buffering of video by placing a higher priority on such traffic across their networks. Consider revenue for internet service providers and quality of service for customers.

Supporters of Net Neutrality claim internet traffic should be free to move around, unhindered or interfered with. They also argue that the internet would become only usable to those able to afford the higher costs of guaranteeing their traffic would be transmitted. Here, consider the paying public and society in general

Develop arguments to determine whether the internet should be controlled on behalf of internet services providers (ISP) or not.

Discuss deep learning. Have you seen this used in your practice? How could this be used in practice moving forward?

Post 1. Discuss deep learning. Have you seen this used in your practice? How could this be used in practice moving forward?

Our textbook defines Artificial intelligence(AI) as the field that deals with the conception, development, and implementation of informatics tools based on intelligent technologies, which pertains to capturing the complex processes of human thought and intelligence(Mcgonigle & Mastrian, 2018). I believe my views on AI, like anything else that is new and evolving, can have pros and cons, especially in healthcare, an ever-changing field.

References

Anxie, T., & Bing, L. (2020). Application of deep learning and artificial intelligence in the psychological mechanism of language activity. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 38(6), 7315–7327. https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-179806

Gartley, C. E. (2020, September 6). How artificial intelligence is transforming the future of nursing. American Nurse. https://www.myamericannurse.com/how-artificial-intelligence-is-transforming-the-future-of-nursing/

Mcgonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2018). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Post 2 Discuss the natural learning process. Have you seen this used in your practice? How could this be used in practice moving forward?

Artificial intelligence is considered the field that deals with the conception, development, and implementation of informatic tools based on intelligent technologies (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2018). It uses cognitive science to replicate and generate human intelligence (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2018). The article defined the definition of artificial intelligence and reviewed how each term is applied in nursing (Douthit et al., 2020).  Artificial intelligence is defined as a machine that imitates intelligent human behaviors such as reasoning or problem-solving using computer software to interpret data (Douthit et al., 2020).

References

Douthit, B.J., Hu, X., Richesson, R., Kim, H., & Cary, M.P., Jr. (2020, September 6). How artificial intelligence is transforming the future of nursing. American Nurse. https://www.myamericannurse.com/how-artificial-intelligence-is-transforming-the-future-of-nursing/

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2018). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Swan, B. A. (2021). Assessing the Knowledge and Attitudes of Registered Nurses about Artificial Intelligence in Nursing and Health Care. Nursing Economics, 39(3), 139+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A665975212/AONE?u=lincclin_ecc&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=4373a3a9

craft a video game that expresses your stance or opinion on that issue or problem.

Description Summary: For this assignment, you are going to take an important issue or problems and theory-craft a video game that expresses your stance or opinion on that issue or problem. Specifics: Part I. Planning Choose an issue or problem that you want to deal with. This should be something you are familiar with and that you feel at least somewhat qualified to speak on, or that you are comfortable researching. Part II. Create Your Game! Define your game. What is the genre of the game? Define your message. What is the message of your game? Define your players 4/7/2022 Writers Hub – Freelance Writing https://www.writershub.org/writer/orders/853345#instructions 2/3 Who is the player? (Themselves, or a predefined character your have created?) How many players (single or multi-player) Online or not? Define the purpose of your game. Why are the players playing? What do they aim to do? What is the win condition of the game (i.e., how do your players win or complete the game)? This purpose should be tied in somehow with the issue you want to address. For example: “In my game, High Rise Robbery, the aim is to become the CEO of Robert’s Industries.” Define the mechanics of your game. What kinds of things do the players do in order to play the game? Some examples might include: Climbing Jumping Exploring the map Giving presents to NPCs Talking with NPCs Shooting at things Use your imagination! Decide which are default skills/actions/abilities and which, if any, are learned or leveled up over time, and what that means. (Remember that these mechanics should be tied into the issue or problem that you are addressing.) Define the rules of your game. How does the simulation respond when the player uses the various mechanics in the game? Define these responses for every mechanic. Create an example scenario that describes a player-simulation interaction that exemplifies and gets across the feel and message of your game. This scenario should explicitly discuss how it aims to get across the message of your game. Create an introductory essay that tells your audience about the issue you are tackling, the game itself, and what you want you game to convey to your audience/players. Part III. Create Your Presentation. Gather up all your work into a single document. The document should be constructed as follows: Page 1 – Introductory Essay Page 2 – Explanation of players (who they are and how many), how they will play (online, etc),a and why you made those decisions. This should not be terribly long (about 100-150 words?) An explanation of the purpose of your game, what the players are doing, and how the game is won/completed. This should include an explanation of how this times in with your issue/problem. Page 3 – A list of all of your mechanics with a brief description of each (what the player does when they use the mechanic. Page 4 – 4/7/2022 Writers Hub – Freelance Writing https://www.writershub.org/writer/orders/853345#instructions 3/3 The rules of your game—a brief statement of what they are and an explanation of each of them. Page 5 – A description of an exemplary scenario that illustrates how the mechanics and rules work together. Page 6 – A personal reflection on video games as a medium of expression. (This is very free form, but can include things like what you think the strengths/drawbacks of games are as a form of expression, your thoughts about the ways that games convey meaning, and what (if any) kinds of things games might be best suited to explore (wand why). Technicalities: Times New Roman or Arial font, default margins, 12 pt font. I would like my problem or issue to be about how hard it is to find a job or about being a college student.

What is the problem that you want to investigate? State the problem as a question.

Description Critical analysis is a central process in all academic work. It involves thinking critically, which is applying rational and logical thinking, while deconstructing the information that you research/study. When we think critically, we are thinking actively. This means that we do not passively accept everything we read and hear, so that we can question, evaluate, make judgments, find connections, and categorize information. It means we remain open to other points of view and are not blinded by our own biases. Begin by selecting a topic to research. The research paper requires a public administration topic selection that focuses on an ethical scenario that confronts you in public administration. What is the problem that you want to investigate? State the problem as a question. Why does this problem interest you? What does the literature say? Find three to five research-based articles about the topic as a literature review. What did you learn about this topic in relation to addressing the problem that you researched? What new knowledge, recommendations, or proposed solutions have you uncovered? Develop your conclusions. As you have completed the work in this course, you have noticed themes in the unit lessons, the assigned readings, and the assignments. Now, you will combine that knowledge with your personal examples and previous experiences to construct your research paper. Your research paper should include the following structure: Title Page Executive Summary List the issues, findings, and bulleted recommendations. Introduction of the issue in context Is this research anchored in current events or personal experiences, peer reviewed articles, or other approaches? Narrative Review what you did and describe the issues. Ethical Context Provide history of relevant ethical dilemma and the main players in your scenario. Course Themes Tie in what you have learned and/or read about in this course. Analysis, Evaluation & Critique In your scenario, how were issues handled by the administrator or governing individual/group? Recommendations What would be a recommended approach or action? Summary and Closing What conclusion can you come to as a result of your research? References Your response should be at least five to seven pages in length. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.

With reference to case law and other appropriate sources, discuss why private purpose trusts are generally deemed to be invalid.

Coursework Assignment

You are required to complete a written coursework assignment. The assignment has a maximum word limit of 2500 words and will take the form of answers to ONE question from the choice below.

You must answer ONLY ONE of the questions below. Students should not attempt to answer more than one.

Question 1

With reference to appropriate case law and other sources, outline the criteria for the creation of valid secret and half secret trusts, and comment upon whether the internal distinctions in these criteria are justifiable.

[End of Question 1]

Question 2

Outline the key duties owed by a trustee in performing their functions, and critically evaluate whether, or to what extent, the burden may differ between professional and non-professional trustees.

[End of Question 2]

Question 3

With reference to case law and other appropriate sources, discuss why private purpose trusts are generally deemed to be invalid.

Advise as to whether or not this would constitute a valid charitable trust.

Coursework Assignment

You are required to complete a written coursework assignment. The assignment has a maximum word limit of 1500 words and will take the form of answers to ONE question from the choice below.

You must answer ONLY ONE of the questions below. Students should not attempt to answer both.

Question 1

Rick Owens is the executor of the estate of Lady Alice Chattlery, who had amassed a substantial fortune in the Northern Irish cement industry.

Within the will, is a gift “to my poor and needy relatives, both those who I knew, and their children, and their children’s children.” This gift consisted of a £10,000 endowment for any such relative who could prove that they were suffering from sufficient hardship.

Advise Rick as to whether or not this would constitute a valid charitable trust..

[End of Question 1]

Question 2

Dickie Rock was appointed the trustee of his sister Jemima’s family holiday home upon her death. Included within the will, was that the holiday home was to be held on trust for Jemima’s two small children – Roger and Moorehouse – until they reached the age of 18. Dickie determined that it was safer to insure and to appoint a trusted caretaker to look after the property and not to rent it out on the open market, for fear that some damage might accrue to it if the tenants proved to be less than desirable. Although no profit was made, it also did not incur any costs, as the caretaker paid a small amount which covered the cost of the insurance, with the rest being offset in consideration of the occasional maintenance that he carried out on the property.

Upon reaching the age of 18, and realising that the property could have been rented for a significantly higher price, Roger and Moorehouse sued their uncle for failing to do more with a property for their benefit. They argued that a more competitive rent would have entitled them to at least £10,000 extra each upon the property vesting in them, and that Dickie failed in his duties as a trustee.

Advise Dickie.

[End of Question 2]