What are the legal requirements for a cyber action to meet the definition of an act of war?

THIS HAS 2 PARTS:PART ONE:1. “What are the legal requirements for a cyber action to meet the definition of an act of war?Should the definition be explicit or should it be left ambiguous as retired Maj Gen Dunlap argues in his article?2.2. What do you feel are the requirements for an act of cyber-terrorism? Why?300 WORDS PLEASE USE THE FOLLOWING AS REFERENCES FOR PART ONESchmitt, Michael N. “International Law in Cyberspace: The Koh Speech and the Tallinn Manual Juxtaposed,”Harvard International Law Journal, 54 (2012)Dunlap Jr., Charles J. Maj Gen (Ret). “Perspectives for Cyber Strategists on Law for Cyber War.”Strategic Studies Quarterly, (2011): 81-99(Accessible via the weekly reading folder within the resources section).(19 pages)Kramer, Franklin D., et.al. (Eds)From Cyberspace to Cyberpower: Cyber Power and National Security, Chapter 22 “International Law and Information Operations” 525-542. (18 pages)Brown, Gary and Keira Poellet. “The Customary International Law of Cyberspace,”Strategic Studies Quarterly6:3 (2012):126-45(Accessible via the weekly reading folder within the resources section).(20 pages)PART TWO“Given the characteristics of the cyber domain what are some of the elements necessary to make up an effective policy of cyber deterrence?Is such a policy even possible? What are some of the practical problems of deterring cyber attacks and what are some of the potential solutions?One way to address this question is to look at the traditional forms of deterrence when it involves conventional weapons or nuclear weapons.Are there similarities?In the nuclear era it was clear that such weapons were under the control of states – usually great powers – and therefore it was easier to convey intent to the adversary.How do we do that in cyberspace?Should the US policy of cyber deterrence be implicit or explicit?300 WORDS PLEASE USE THE FOLLOWING AS REFERENCES FOR PART TWODenning, D. E. (2015). Rethinking the cyber domain and deterrence.Joint Forces Quarterly. 2, 8-15.Iasiello, E. (2013). Is Cyber deterrence an illusory course of action.Journal of Strategic Security, 7(1), 54-67.Libicki, Martin C.,Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar, RAND Report, Santa Monica: Rand Corp., 2009,.1-73Kramer, Franklin D. et.al. (Eds)From Cyberspace to Cyberpower: Cyber Power and National Security, Chapter 13 “Deterrence of Cyber Attacks” 309-340 (32 pages)

Evaluate the philosophy of public finance.

Public BudgetingDevelop a three- to four-page paper in which you present an overview of public budgeting.Be sure to:Evaluate the philosophy of public finance.Compare and contrast governmental accounting with non-governmental accounting.Evaluate the relationship between budgeting and financial reporting in the government.Your paper must be three to four pages (not including title and reference pages) and must be formatted according to APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide. You must cite at least three scholarly sources in addition to the textbook.Class TextLee, R.D. & Johnson, RW. (2008). Public budgeting systems (8th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.Chapter 1: IntroductionChapter 2: The Public Sector in PerspectiveChapter 3: Budget Cycles

1. Discuss the public choice theory or model. How does it relate to rivalness and excludability?

Part A. 300 words each with 1 reference each, 600 words total1. Discuss the public choice theory or model. How does it relate to rivalness and excludability?2. Think of a time when a government policy directly affected policy or policies at your organization. While health care examples are preferred, if you do not have experience working in that environment yet, any professional setting can apply.Part B. 1,500 wordsReview news stories and articlesregarding a recent (within the last year) health-related policy(not the Affordable Care Act).Introduce this policyand discussthe following:1. How the governmental policy process informs the development, implementation, and assessment of policy within the realm of health care.2. The impact of your chosen policy on health care consumers, organizations, and systems.3. The impact of your chosen policy on health care providers.Now imagine you are adapting this policy to the health care organization at which you work (or where you wish to work). Describe the organization and discuss the following:1. The stakeholders involved in policy formation and their impact on health care policy formation and structures.2. The response you expect from those stakeholders.3. The specific impact this governmental policy will make (positive, negative, indifferent) and why?Incorporate two or three peer-reviewed scholarly resources

Briefly describe the product. Then develop the segmentation, targeting, and positioning strategy for marketing the new product.

Introducing a New Product to the MarketPut yourself in the position of an entrepreneur who is developing a new product or service to introduce into the market. Briefly describe the product. Then develop the segmentation, targeting, and positioning strategy for marketing the new product. Be sure to discuss:The overall strategy; why segmenting, targeting, and positioning are useful methodologiesSegmentation and targeting choicesCharacteristics of the target marketWhy that target market is attractiveThe positioning strategyProvide justifications, in the form of research, for your decisions and include your textbook and at least two references to credible sources outside of the course and its required readings/media. (The CSU-Global Library is a good place to find credible sources.)Your paper should be 2-3 pages in length, well written, and formatted according to CSU-Global Guide to Writing and APA Requirements.

Describe how you may, by your design, rule out or control for apparent effects.

this my part of the assignment 570 word count, also i have attached the paper to help with this assignment.This proposal must be professionally written, address all sections identified below, and be consistent with APA formatting guidelines. When writing, use section headings to indicate where the information may be found. Subheadings need not be used, though in long sections, they may facilitate organization.1. Method and design: This is a description of how you collect data and test the questions being examined. You are not required to come up with a new method, though you may try. Look at journal articles to determine what methods are standards used to assess the knowledge of criminal justice theory in your area and adapt one of these for your needs.2. Method: How would you collect the data? Why?a. Describe the general methodology you choose for your study to test your hypotheses.b. Explain why this method is best for your purposes.c. Participants: Who would you test? Why?d. Describe the sample you would test, and explain why you chose this sample. Include any demographic information relevant to the design.e. Are there any participants you would exclude? Why or why not? Explain.3. Design: What would the research question look like? Why?a. Describe what manipulations or variations you would make or test for to test your hypotheses.b. Explain how varying these factors would allow you to confirm or negate your hypotheses.c. Explain what significant differences you must find to confirm or disconfirm your hypotheses. In particular, how could your hypotheses be disconfirmed by your data?d. Controls: What factors would you need to control for in your study?e. Describe what types of effects would likely occur to make your results confirm or disconfirm your hypotheses.f. Describe how you may, by your design, rule out or control for apparent effects.This is to help guide you… I am only working on 1,2,&3 with 570 word count.Writea 1,750- to 2,850-word research paper and prepare an accompanying presentation that meets the following requirements:· Incorporate feedback and suggestions from Part I.· Describe your team’s hypotheses, research design, and methodology.· Identify the types of data chosen for collection and how the data would be used in the study to confirm or negate the hypothesis.· Outline the procedures to be used to collect the chosen data.· Describe the proposed analysis process of the results from the proposed research.· Discuss the possible significance of the proposed research results.· Provide a timeline for the proposed research.· Outline a budget and identify resources to cover the cost of the proposed research.· Complete a commentary reflecting on the project’s reliability, and ways in which the research project might be improved upon if replicated.

explain your thoughts on tourism impacts and on how to be a better/more responsible tourist?

Make plans for vacation, wirte the paper by following the rubricsuse Hawaii as the vacation destinationYou and a companion are planning a one week trip this winter. This vacation is the most special one you have ever taken. You would like to take this trip within the US. Based on what you have learned in this class, think about what kind of trip you would like to take.+Make plans for this vacation, considering the following parts as a starting point to plan your vacation:1. Destination or destinations – 2 points§ Include one or two map(s) with your destination(s) marked on it (within one page)§ Include one or two paragraphs explaining why this area interests you§ Based on lectures on travel motivation, which theory (-ies) best describe your motivations for travel?2. Trip preparation – 1 points§ Ways of getting information (places to visit, reviews) on your chosen destination(s)?(This could be traditional or social media, or common media specific for tourism/trip planning)§ List a couple websites or travel agents that you may use for booking for your trip3. Entertainment and sights to see – 4 points§ List some of the things you would like to see and do in the area to which you are travelling§ Why you want to visit them or do these activities?* Think of the possible impacts of visiting these places (i.e., cultural, environmental, etc.) and be sure to address this in the reflection section.4. Transportation – 1 points§ How will you travel?§ What will the travel cost be to reach your destination? (include this in budget)§ How will you travel around after get to the destination and what will this cost? (include this in budget)* Does this form of transport have a relatively high or low carbon footprint? Include this in the reflection.5. Accommodations – 2 points§ What type of accommodations will you choose and why so?§ What are some of the alternatives available for accommodation (and why did you not select these)?§ What is the estimated cost of your accommodations? (include this in budget)6. Money/Economy and budget – 2 points§ Think of the ways in which you plan to spend money. In what ways will you spend money that will stay in the local economy, minimizing leakages and maximizing linkages?§ Provide a table with expenses you think you may have to pay to go on your trip(i.e., Plane ticket to California – $1,500; Hotel for one week in San Francisco – $700; One week pass – $200)* Itemize as much as you can, and be as specific as possible!* Be sure to indicate the number of people on your trip, the cost per person and the total cost.ExpenseAmountCost/personTotal costPlane ticket to California$1,500Hotel for a week in San Francisco$700One week city pass$200Gifts/Souvenirs$100….….Sum$2,500.007. Reflection – 3 points§ Include a minimum 1-page reflection on the potential impacts of your trip.(Is there any way you could further increase positive impacts while minimizing negative impacts during the trip?)* Integrate what you have learned this semester, explain your thoughts on tourism impacts and on how to be a better/more responsible tourist?References and Resources (listed in APA style)Suggested resources: Travel brochures, Travel information from travel agencies, Travel books, Library resources, Internet sites. DO NOT GUESS!

How can experienced security professionals prepare themselves for challenges and opportunities they have never encountered before?

Each target environment has unique security needs and offers security professionals distinct challenges and opportunities. In a 200- to 300-word response, answer the following questions.· Why is it important for a security professional to know specifics about the particular target environment to which they are assigned?· How can experienced security professionals prepare themselves for challenges and opportunities they have never encountered before?· Is it possible that experience with only one type of environment can actually be a drawback for security professionals approaching a new environment? If so, how?

suggest the top three (3) EVM performance measures you would educate your business sponsor on.

Your business sponsor is not familiar with earned value management (EVM). You have been asked to provide him with a quick overview of EVM. Using the information covered in the online readings, suggest the top three (3) EVM performance measures you would educate your business sponsor on. Provide a rationale for your selection of topics.After posting your response, respond to at least one (1) of your classmates on their EVM suggestions.