Discuss the roles and responsibilities of middle managers who lead and drive through change in organisations, and appraise interventions which can support middle managers in such a role, taking into account the emotional and ethical implications involved in change

 

1.              Summative Assessment Brief

 

The writing around teams and how to develop a high performance team should be written around teams in general. It is possible to illustrate the topic with example/s of high performance teams.

 

The number of marks should give you an idea of how to allocate the word count.

The theories and concepts that you can use are stated below and also all the PowerPoints are attached.

 

Assessment – Portfolio (3300 words) Marks available: 100

 

For this assignment students will create a portfolio of 3300 words made up of the following elements:

 

• From what you have learned in the module, and from wider reading, write on the basis for managing change, with reference to academic theory and practice, including but not limited to open systems

 

15 Marks

Congruency model (open systems)

Organisations and change

Theory: context and types of organisational change

Types of change – Incremental and Discontinuous (Radical and Transformational)

Different change initiatives vary on a number of dimensions

The change process: 4 main process theories of change determined by Van de Ven and Poole 1995

Implementing Change: Programmes of change

Corporate ambitions and How that translates

Vision Statement

Communicating the change

Programme management

Supporting Strategy

Defining benefits – examples of tangible and intangible

Programme management environment

Planning and thinking about change

Some possible effects of dramatic organisational structural change, on people and on organisational culture

Impact of dramatic structural change can bring important issues which need to be addressed

Your Role as a Change Agent: implementing dramatic change

 

 

• Describe and critically evaluate practical interventions which can be used to help build a high-performance team going through

 

25 Marks

 

The evaluation of change management theory and techniques from an international perspective

Major Changes

Dimensions of Organisational Change

The Change Context

Change determined by strategy

Strategy Development: all leading to change, and these changes need to be managed

Strategy by design or Emergent strategy

Examples of deliberate strategy

Emerging strategy: New reality warning signals

Planned Change

A theoretical model: Kurt Lewin’s model of organisational change (originally 1947)

LEWIN Unfreezing: the first stage

LEWIN Making the change: the second stage

LEWIN Freezing or Refreezing: the third and final stage

Lewin’s Forcefield Analysis: First, there is a need to identify and work with the forces at play

Planned change: Forcefield analysis

UK Government Policy paper – COP26 declaration on accelerating the transition to
100% zero emission cars and vans

Further application of Lewin’s forcefield analysis would be to

Forcefield Analysis, another approach: used to create Action Plans

Implementing change

Introducing Kotter’s Eight Steps to Transform an Organisation

Introducing Stouten et al (2018), who reviewed and synthesised empirical literature and identified ten evidence based principles of change management

Consideration of SDG goals in the drive for change through deliberate and emerging strategies

Sustainable Development

Conventional Business Priorities

World challenges require all organisations to work together to achieve change

Sustainability routes – changes which can develop and deliver sustainable development

New Technologies – Energy generation

Process optimization (Products – Manufacturing)

Industrial Ecology

 

Organisational Culture

An example of an iceberg model of corporate culture

Schein – Three Levels of Culture

Espoused Values

Espoused vs. True Values?

Basic Underlying Assumptions: Shared behaviours

Assessing the organisation and organisational culture with respect to change

Cultural web (Johnson and Scholes 1999)

Assessment of power, politics and conflict in change situations and their impact on individuals, teams, and the organisation

Sources of power a change agent can use to influence the change process

Changes in the external environment impact on power and politics in organisations, and this brings changes to the power structure

Empowering Employees

Individuals and Teams: Changes in organisational structures

Organisations: a political view

Nadler 1987

Individuals and groups

 

Change Management or Change Leadership?

Developments in Leadership Theory

Behavioural: Theories X and Y

Transformation Theory and Emotional Intelligence

Leadership and Change

Conflict and negotiation: Individuals and Groups

 

 

Parker’s Twelve Characteristics of Effective Teams

Change can seriously undermine a team

How to create High Performing Teams

Creating High Performing Teams: (GRPI)

Team Performance Model

Team Interventions

8 Belbin’s team roles
Team/Group Formation and Development (Tuckman, 1965)​

Leading high performance teams through cultural change

Kotter’s 8 steps and cultural change

Social identity theory and acculturation theories with respect to mergers and acquisitions

Changing organisational culture and building resilient teams through mindfulness – the 5 practices to develop mindfulness

 

 

 

• Discuss the roles and responsibilities of middle managers who lead and drive through change in organisations, and appraise interventions which can support middle managers in such a role, taking into account the emotional and ethical implications involved in change

25 Marks

 

Emotions and culture

Middle-managers need to be truly empowered

Mid-managers concern with ‘impression management’

Fear based cultures

1. Response to change, models of emotional curves/transitions:

Change Curve (Kubler Ross)

Transition Model (Bridges)

Transition Curve (Fisher)

2. Emotional labour (Hochschild 1983)

Emotions during organisational change

3. Individual and group resistance to change

Resistance to change

Complexity of emotions

ABC model of cognitive behavioral therapy

4. Role of middle-managers in ‘emotional balancing’

The challenges of emotional balancing

5. Emotional Intelligence (Goleman 1995)

Emotional Intelligence competencies

Interventions for change – Behavioural, Cognitive, Psychodynamic and Humanistic

6. Interventions – link to emotions

 

 

• Reflect on your learning in the module in respect to your own responses to change, including strengths, defences, and development needs, and how these might impact your future role/s as a leader and/or manager of change. How has this module influenced your own attitude and responses to change? Your reflections should lead towards the identification of at least 2 SMART goals which will help you put your learning into practice when you go into the

 

25 Marks

 

Portfolio Presentation: 10 Marks will be allocated for layout, academic writing, and presentation of the work. In addition, the work is expected to include a list of references and/ or a bibliography.

 

 

10 Marks

 

An example of a structure you might want to follow when working on your portfolio assignment:

 

Cover page with a title Table of contents

List of Figures (if any) List of Tables (if any) Executive summary Introduction

Main body of text with sections to suit your material Summary

References Appendices

 

A note on word count:

 

The word count should be shown on the front of your assignment. Words in diagrams, tables or as part of an appendix do not count. A 10%-mark reduction may be applied where a submission does not meet the word count criteria.

Assessment Weightings

 

This 3,300-word portfolio assignment is weighted as 100% of the total module assessment. The Assessments for this module link to the learning outcomes as shown below:

Assessment	Type	Learning Outcome a)	Learning Outcome b)	Learning Outcome d)	Learning Outcome d)
Formative	Case Study Presentations	x	x	x	x
Summative	Report	x	x	x	x

 

Portfolio contents

 

Please consider the theories and practices studied during the module. Academic theory and practice should be included within the portfolio. In addition, there is an expectation that students will read around the subject and bring learning from wider reading and research into the portfolio.

 

Appendices: NOTE – these will not be marked but will add context to the work you have done above. You can include in your appendices any exercises you complete in class and any other information that you feel is relevant to parts of the portfolio above.

 

PLEASE NOTE: THIS ASSIGNMENT WILL BE SUBJECT TO ANONYMOUS MARKING. SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO SUBMIT YOUR ASSIGNMENTS CAN BE FOUND ON CANVAS.

 

1.              Marking Criteria (These criteria have been based on the university marking criteria which can be found at the end of this module handbook).

 

 

Elements of the assignment	University Assessment Criteria	Module assessment criteria – we will be looking for…
Parts 1 – 3 of the portfolio	Subject Knowledge and Understanding	Is there a depth of understanding and appropriate application of theories, models and frameworks?   Have pertinent lessons been drawn from ‘real world’ case studies to illustrate and support points made?   Is there evidence of wider reading and engagement with the literature?
	Research and Enquiry	Is there logical reasoning, critical analysis and evaluation throughout the portfolio?   What is the quality of the analysis? Does it progress significantly beyond the descriptive demonstrating an ability to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of theories and models used?   Is there evidence of drawing on material that has been independently researched?
	Academic Skills	Is there a clear argument which is supported by robust and scholarly evidence?   How well is each element of the Portfolio presented, is it easy to read and does it make sense?   Is the work free of spelling and grammar errors?   Is there accurate Harvard Referencing throughout?
Reflective essay (part 4)	Values Qualities and Attributes	With reference to the literature and self-diagnostic tools that have been used, how self-aware are you of your own attitudes and values around change?   Is there evidence that you have analysed your own learning needs and used SMART goals – specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and timed?

 

2.              Grade Descriptors

 

The grade descriptors for this module can be found at the end of this module handbook and on the Business Management Homepage. University Criteria: Undergraduate Programmes

 

 

3.              Feedback on your learning throughout this module

 

This module will allow plenty of opportunity for verbal and written feedback through the formative assessments and seminar activities. Please take the opportunity to discuss any questions you have about the module with your seminar tutor or other members of the module team.

 

The summative assessment will be marked and available online within 15 working days of the presentation. Marks will be published in Canvas.

 

If for any reason the feedback deadline is not possible (due to staff illness etc) you will be contacted by email, giving an alternative date.

 

 

4.              Core text books

 

Carnall, C. (2007) Managing Change in Organisations. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited (available as an eBook)

 

Hayes, J. (2018) The Theory and Practice of Change Management (5^th Ed.) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

 

Please note previous editions are equally acceptable and may be available more cheaply.

 

 

Additional Texts and Resources:

 

Balogun, J., Hope Hailey, V. & Gustafsson (2016) Exploring Strategic Change (4th Ed.), Harlow: Pearson Education Limited

 

Blakeley, K. (2007) Leadership Blind Spots and What to Do About Them, Chichester: Wiley

 

Burke, W.W. (2014) Organizational Change Theory and Practice (4^th Ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

 

Burnes, B. (2018) Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organizational Dynamics. Harlow: Pearson Education

 

Cameron, E. and Green, M. (2020) Making Sense of Change Management. London: Kogan Page.

 

Cawsey, T.F., Deszca, G. & Ingols, C. (2016) Organizational Change An Action-Orientated Toolkit (3^rd Ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

 

Hodges, J. (2016) Managing and Leading People through Organizational Change. London: Kogan Page

 

Hughes, M. (2010) Managing Change: A Critical Perspective, London: CIPD.

 

Kotter, J.P. (2012) Leading Change, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press [this is a reprint of his earlier 1996 book which can also be used]

 

McCalman, J., Paton, R.A. & Siebert, S. (2016) Change Management – A guide to effective Implementation, (4th Ed), London: Sage

 

Scarlett, H. (2019) Neuroscience for Organizational Change: An Evidence-based Practical Guide to Managing Change, London: Kogan Page

 

Hickman, G.R. (2010) Leading Change in Multiple Contexts, Concepts and Practices in Organizational, Community, Political, Social and Global Change Settings, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

 

Kotter, J. (1995) Leading change: why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review. 73, 2: 59-67

 

Kotter, J. P., & Cohen, D.S. (2002) The Heart of Change – Real-Life Stories of How People Change Their Organizations. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Some inspiring stories of how hearts and minds can be changed.

 

Lawrence, P. (2015) Leading Change – Insights Into How Leaders Actually Approach the Challenge of Complexity, Journal of Change Management, 15, (3), 231-252

 

5.              Journals

 

In addition to other business management journals, you should browse through the following specialist module journals for relevant content to support your assignment writing:

 

Journal of Organizational Change Management Journal of Change Management

Journal of Management of Change

 

6.              Harvard Referencing

 

All written work submitted for modules within the Business School require you to use the Harvard referencing system. Correct referencing shows academic and professional skill and protects the writer from accusations of plagiarism. For further details see the faculty’s guide to Harvard Referencing on the Learning Network.

Please also refer to the University Academic Misconduct Policy (available on the University Intranet), this policy defines the process for investigating allegations of any form of academic misconduct for all taught programmes of study and the penalties that may be imposed for proven cases. As part of the initial process of investigation, tutors may use an electronic academic plagiarism detector or may conduct an interview with the student in order to establish the contribution to, or originality, of the work submitted.

write about 500 words, reflecting on how your thoughts about mental health conditions and/or research and/or practice in the field of mental health conditions has developed as a result of the module or material connected with the module content.

Reflective Diary assignment

 

Overview of the assignment:

We are asking you to produce a piece of reflective writing because it is evidence of reflective thinking and this something which is important in in an academic context. Reflective thinking is the notion of awareness of one’s own knowledge, assumptions and past experiences. Reflective thinking usually involves looking back at something, analysing this (perhaps from different perspectives, trying to explain ‘why’, evaluating your experiences) and thinking carefully about what the event or idea means for you going forward.

When, in other modules, you have previously written self-evaluation statements at the end of essay assignments, these have involved reflective thinking; you thought about how you addressed previous feedback, what elements of the essay had gone well, which were challenging and how you might approach things differently in the future. Such reflection is likely to enhance your learning from the assignment and affect your future performance.

In this assignment you are asked to reflect on your ‘learning’ from ideas connected with the module PSYC6001.

What you have to do:

You have to do two things.

1. You are asked to write about 500 words, reflecting on how your thoughts about mental health conditions and/or research and/or practice in the field of mental health conditions has developed as a result of the module or material connected with the module content.
2. Along with this 500 word reflective statement you should also submit your weekly ‘diary’ notes indicating the issues/topics that have struck you each week. These can be brief, bullet-points.

There is not a right or a wrong answer to this assessment – it’s personal to you – but there are some guidelines below about how to approach this, so that you get the most from this assignment and also what we are looking for in order to award you the marks for this assignment.

How to approach this assignment:

You will need to keep this assignment in mind as you progress through the module. Each week after teaching/reading, make notes of some of the thoughts/ideas which have particularly struck you as being interesting or significant. Why are they interesting to you? Do they challenge previously held thoughts? Do they resonate with ideas/experiences you already had? How do they fit with other ideas you have come upon? Maybe other theories? How do they fit with other topics covered as part of the module? Or other content you have learnt about on other modules? What are the implications of these thoughts? If you do this each week then by the time you come to the end of the module you will have a diary of your reactions which you can draw upon and select from for your reflective statement. You will need to submit both your reflective diary AND your final 500 word reflective statement.

It’s up to you what you write about (as long as the content refers to topics/ ideas/material/research relevant to the topic of mental health conditions!). This piece is about YOUR reflections and so only you will know what topics/issues are of significance to you. For the reflective statement you can focus on one topic or consider multiple topics. For whatever you write about please try to a) succinctly and clearly describe the idea/topic you are going to write about; b) reflect on this (what is important/interesting/useful about this, for you?) and ; c) consider what you have learned from this or the future implications of this.

 

Assessment of your work:

Your reflective assignment will be marked on a pass/fail basis and students who pass this assignment will receive 10% of the module marks. This work is not graded.

A pass on the assignment (10%) will be awarded where the work:

• includes a reflective diary with at least one entry relevant to each week’s content and
• includes a reflective statement which is sufficiently long to demonstrate engagement with the assignment (the recommended word length is 500 words) and
• refers to and reflects on topics/ ideas/material/research relevant to the topic of mental health conditions (either introduced as part of the module, in lectures/readings or sourced by yourself).

A fail on the assignment (0%) will be awarded where the work:

• does not include a reflective diary with at least one entry relevant to each week’s content or
• includes a reflective statement which is too brief to demonstrate adequate engagement with the assignment or
• does not include content/reflection relevant to the topic of mental health conditions or
• is not submitted at all

Submission method:

Electronic submission via Turnitin link on Moodle (no hard copy required)

 

 

Submission instructions:

• The file you upload to Turnitin containing your assignment should be a word-processed file named as follows: module number_student number_RA (e.g. PSYC6001_16003565_RA)
• This one file should include both your reflective statement AND your reflective diary.
• You can title this ‘Reflective Assignment PSYC6001’.
• Do not include your name anywhere on the file.
• Use a minimum font size of 12pt and 1.5 line spacing.
• Students with blue cards can add this automatically though the Moodle and Turnitin interfaces at the point of submitting their work.  This option is only available to students who are registered with the Dyslexia/SpLd Service.
• Include the number of words used in the assignment at the end of the assignment and see guidance below on what to include in the word count.

The recommended word count for the reflective statement assignment is 500 words (plus the diary). The recommended word count includes:

• in-text citations / references (if used)
• quotations (if used)
• all headings and sub-titles (if used)
• figure (diagram) and table labels (if used)

It does not include:

• the assignment title
• the words used as part of the reflective diary
• the list of references (if used)
• words in diagrams or tables of data (if used)

There is no specific penalty for writing more or less than the recommended word count.  However, your reflective statement needs to be sufficiently long to demonstrate engagement with the assignment, and, as with all assignments should ideally not significantly exceed the suggested word count.

 

examine the effect/impact on consumer purchase decisions on business ethics

Topic

 

Research Proposal – Content

 

• Introduction – Background to study
• Research Problem/Problem statement – What is the problem?
• Research Rationale/Motivation/Significance/Need for study – Why are you studying this topic/embarking on this research?
• Research Focus/Context/Perspective – scope of study (boundaries/limit/size)
• Literature Review (Preliminary) – review existing (up-to-date and relevant) literature relating to the chosen topic
  • May explain the need to develop conceptual framework, if applicable
• Research Aim and Objectives
• Research Questions – What, why, how, etc (if applicable)
• Research Methodology – Data collection methods and strategy: How are you going to collect your data, what techniques to use and which method(s); your respondents – how many (volume), how do you choose, where will the research be conducted, etc?
  • Research philosophy/paradigm – research approach – research methods – research strategy – data collection strategy plus sampling methods – data analysis)
• Data analysis – Data analysis strategy: How are you going to analyse your data?
• Ethical Considerations – Privacy, confidentiality, approval/consent
• Expected Outcome – results/findings to make recommendation/develop conceptual framework
• Project Plan/Milestone – Graph/table (Gantt Chart)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Examples:

Aim and Objectives:

Aim: To examine the effect/impact on consumer purchase decisions on business ethics

Objectives: (Follow the following trend – Just my suggestion:

• To review existing literature on ……….. (literature review)
• Based on research gap(s) identified to carry out research survey (using questionnaire/interviews/focus group, etc) in order to carry out research purpose – investigate factors influencing on students’ willingness to pay z premium for luxury goods, etc (research methodology)
• To analyse and synthesis data using statistical / traditional analytical tools such as SPSS/AMOS/Regression Analysis/nVivo (Data Analysis)
• From data analysis and discussions, to make recommendations for encouraging students’ willingness to pay a premium price for luxury goods (Reflection and recommendations/conclusions)

 

Data Analysis: – Dta collection and analysis strategic

You need to explain the strategies for collecting data, how you would select your responds (randomly or through planned/structured) and how are you going to complete the questionnaire – through named representative or face to face/online. How many questionnairs and the distribution of the questionnaires – is it via depts./services or randomly?

What analytical tool are you planning to use to illustrat and present your data – SPSS/AMOS/nVivo/Bar/Pie chart/Exel?

 

Expected Outcome:

What are your expectations? That the data analyses through research survey would be used to make informed decisions/recommendations to practitioners to adopt in order to encourage customers’ attitude / intention in terms of consumer purchase of kuxury and other goods, etc.

 

 

 

 

Discuss any ethical issues, including those related to inequality, that might arise, as well as issues that could affect the study and how they will be mitigated.

Please submit an electronic copy of your work to Moodle. Your written coursework consists of a 2500 word trial protocol to describe how you developed a behaviour change intervention and how it will be evaluated. Q&A What is a trial protocol? A document that describes the objectives, design, methodology, statistical considerations, and organisation of a clinical trial Why are trial protocols important? “A well-written protocol facilitates an appropriate assessment of scientific, ethical, and safety issues before a trial begins; consistency and rigor of trial conduct; and full appraisal of the conduct and results after trial completion” (Chan et al, 2013, p200). Producing a protocol means that the researchers will state upfront what analysis they will undertake. This avoids a situation of data ‘fishing’ whereby if no significant changes in primary outcomes are seen following an intervention, researchers sometimes look at the data to see what other measures they have, and play around until they find something significant! What is the rationale for using a trial protocol for this piece of coursework? Producing a trial protocol will allow you to demonstrate how you have made decisions about developing your intervention and your proposed trial. A trial protocol is a highly structured piece of work, and something that you may be required to produce in the future if you work in an applied area of psychology. How will this coursework be marked? We will use the specific trial protocol assessment criteria to mark your protocol. You can find this information on Moodle. What sections are needed in the protocol? Some aspects of the protocol will be based on the SPIRIT statement. SPIRIT stands for Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials). The SPIRIT statement was produced to standardise and unify how protocol trials were reported. I have developed a shortened version of this to guide your work for this module and so there will be specific headings for you to follow (see page 2). 1 Please include the following sections in your trial protocol. Please include the word count on the front page. Title (not included in word count) This should be informative about the topic and content of the planned intervention. Background: around 1000 words, to include why this behaviour is an issue, relevant literature, examples of other interventions in this area and what works/doesn’t work, why your intervention is needed/new (see Week 1 content). Methods: around 1000 words with the following sub-headings: Participants: Who exactly will you target? (Brief section 2-3 sentences with references – Weeks 1&2). Intervention: (longest section in the method): How was the intervention developed? In this section you need to summarise all the steps in the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW – see Week 2), using tables if you want to, describe how the intervention was developed. Be very clear to summarise the Capability – Opportunity- Motivation – Behaviour (COM-B – see week 3) model analysis in particular and how the Behaviour Change Techniques (BCTs – see week 5) link to the outcomes of the COM-B analysis. Also be very careful to tell the reader how each BCT will be delivered and think about why that mode of delivery is appropriate (see weeks 6&7). Refer the reader to your workbook in the appendix where necessary to save space, but key details must be summarised in the main text. Design and Outcomes: What kind of Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT – see week 8) will be used (simple two group design is a good idea), what the control group will experience? What measures that you will use to tell you if the intervention is successful? Will these be validated measures, or will new measures be used? Any objective measures or will this be self-report? This can also be brief. Ethical issues: Discuss any ethical issues, including those related to inequality, that might arise, as well as issues that could affect the study and how they will be mitigated (Week 4). Discussion (around 500 words) A critical reflection – (see weeks 9-10 and your reading) on the possible limitations and implications as you won’t actually conduct the trial. This should start with a very brief summary of the study and potential applications/benefits if your trial is successful. 2 The main part of the discussion should talk about some potential limitations that are possible in both the development and the evaluation of this intervention. Think about any unintended consequences and the potential to reinforce rather than reduce health inequalities. What are the practical/policy implications of your work? What else would we need to know or do to ensure that this behaviour change is maintained or could be applied to a wider group of people? Use literature in this section – reference your claims and ideas. References In APA format Appendices: Include your workbook to show how you developed the intervention. Refer to this in appropriate places in the text. Make sure your name is not on the workbook so your work can be marked anonymously. You can include intervention materials if appropriate to your topic and planned intervention. Presentation: Please use 1.5 line spacing and page numbers. Note: Tables will not be counted in the word limit and can be used to illustrate the intervention development process in the method.

Develop a coherent critique of a research paper in organizational theory/organizational behavior.

COHERENT CRITIQUE OF A JOURNAL ARTICLE This assignment requires student to choose any refereed journal article on the topic related to Organizational Behavior, which you will take further for your final project in this course. The article should be at least within 5 years [2017 – 2022] and critique accordingly. This assignment to fulfill the following course learning outcome. CLO3: Develop a coherent critique of a research paper in organizational theory/organizational behavior. CLO5: Apply all the OB and OT concepts to the UAE and GCC settings. Assignment Deliverables For all annotation, your final submission should be in MS Words or Pdf format that includes: • Group report on their critique of a journal article. • A copy of referred journal. Report Format Your report may cover the following: Article Information 1. Title of the Article 2. Name of the Author(s) 3. Source of the Article a. Journal Name b. Publication Details – Year, Volume, Issue, and page nos. Discussion 1. Summary of the research [research methodology, theoretical framework, literature review, goodness of measures & analysis] 2. Highlight any research gaps. 3. Discuss the key learning point. 4. Strengths and Weaknesses of the article and recommendations related to weaknesses. 5. Recommendations for future expansion of research and the extent to which the contents of the paper relate to the UAE or can be implemented in the UAE context

Analyze the INSSG from a Russian diplomat’s perspective/lens in a State cable format (Sweden as example) as reporting back to the Russian government.

Topic:

Russia’s view of the Biden Administration Interim National Security Strategic Guidance

Description

Analyze the INSSG from a Russian diplomat’s perspective/lens in a State cable format (Sweden as example) as reporting back to the Russian government.

Critically discuss the claim that childhood adversity causes mental and physical health problems.

1. The cognitive model is used to conceptualise mental health problems and to guide treatment.
2. Describe what is meant by the cognitive model.

What is meant by the cognitive model?

First, most of the feelings and emotions including feeling happy, excited, sad, anxious, depressed or distressed is caused by a thought. The thought can be one or more, and thoughts can pull on each other and have a link. Thoughts can be new or developed through time, which can effect an individual positively, neutrally, or negatively.

The cognitive model is a very helpful model used to explain the flow and effect of an individual’s thought. In 1957 an ABC model was developed by Albert Ellis and is still used nowadays to help organizing thoughts and defining reasons and causes. The model includes:

• Activating event
• Beliefs/thoughts
• Consequences: including: Behaviours, Emotions, and Physiology.

The activating event can be as simple as a thought that passes through a person’s mind, or a situation that a person might witness. The activating events can define the triggers of an induvial. The triggers could be seeing something that have a memory, a perfume that is linked with a trauma, a song that used to be played during bad times, and so on. So, it is important to know what are the events that can trigger a response.

Before going to B (beliefs/thoughts), C is more visible to see and feel.

C as consequences, behaviors can be avoidant during an anxious situation, or maybe violent when a child does not get what he/she/they want. Some people develop something called “safety behavior” which they think it helps them through their time of distress, but it actually can cause them bad relapses since they are treating a symptom(an anxious feeling for example) not the cause(the thoughts that leads to anxiety). To illustrate, a person with social anxiety running from a crowd would be a safety behavior, by running away they are only running from this particular situation not solving the problem.

Another consequence is emotions, as a person may feel happy, sad,…etc.

A to C directly would be:

I see a puppy, I am happy! Or I watch a very scary at night, I am terrified.

Then physiology, which include: crying, increased heartbeat and/or breathing, sweating, racing thoughts, disoriented, cold/shivering, and so on. Untreated mental health conditions have can have serious effects on a person’s wellbeing, as a systemic review and a meta-analysis paper in 2016 suggests that, 14.3% of death worldwide or approximately 8 million death each year are attributable to mental disorders. Mental health and physical health are tightly related and both can significantly effect each other.

Now it is B’s turn “where the magic happens!”, Beliefs and thoughts.

The beliefs are the bridge between the activating event and its consequences. The B part requires further thinking to have a complete understanding of a situation, and sometimes it might not be obvious and requires a bit of detective work and reasoning.

Back to the example of: I see a puppy, I feel happy. A and C are given, but the B part needs more work as it can be because I think puppies are very cuddly and I love their warmth, and when I am around them I do not feel lonely. These thoughts of puppies are nice to be around them give the happiness feeling. Furthermore, thoughts first are automatic, then intermediate beliefs and then core believes. To explain, we’ll dig into the possible thoughts of an example of a person seeing someone they know without waving at them, and as a result the person has triggered a depressive or anxious episode.

The automatic thought could be: have I done something wrong? I shouldn’t have left the house, No one notices me, I am invisible.

Intermediate thought could be: If I was prettier maybe they’ll say hi. If I had more money maybe I’ll be more accepted.

Core thought could be: I am unlovable.

 

1. Explain how the cognitive model accounts for the development of depression.

Following on Aaron Beck’s thought on that thoughts are the cause of depression not the other way around which is a misconception that depression causes negative thoughts.

Depression, is thought pattern of negative thinking that leads to prolonged sense of sadness or/and lack of interest and pleasure.

The cognitive behavioral model explains depression in the belief part.

Also using an example to illustrate: a depressed person with a core belief of no one loves me.

Analyzing the belief part by looking first at the negative automatic thoughts, which can be:

-All or nothing: because this person doesn’t like me, no one does.

-Mind reading: they are quite, they are not comfortable with me or want to communicate with me.

-Jumping to conclusions: they went shopping without me, it means they do not want me in their life.

-Should/must: I treated them nicely, the should do the same and be nice.

-Catastrophizing/magnifying: this person is not treating me well, as everyone in my life!

All of these thoughts are distortions of reality. Followed by schemas that can be explained by “if” and can be Adaptive or Maladaptive. Example would be:

-Adaptive: If I try to focus on loving myself, my self-worth will increase and people will accept me.

-Maladaptive: If people do not accept me, I am going to give up trying to build healthy relationships.

Then going to the core beliefs, the absolute lasting beliefs. They could be about the person itself feeling not good enough, not worth of happiness, not respected, not interesting.

Or the world as it is unfair, dangerous, difficult…etc. Or others as a person may feel that they are not worth their families or partner, not reliable to others, weak in case of breakups and so on.

 

So, the cognitive behavioral model accounts for depression’s development starting from the core beliefs of: I am helpless or/and unlovable or/and worthless, to the intermediate thoughts and schemas that a person may have developed and it could be explained by “if”.

These compose the automatic thought which are mostly negative that leads to a response of sadness or lack of pleasure.

Activating events are triggers of depressive episodes that can increase the sad feelings that may be accompanied by physical reaction which are consequences.

 

1. Explain how ideas from learning theory and behaviourism have helped inform psychological treatments.

Learning theories includes, Pavlov classical conditioning, where there is condition stimulus and response. Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate when a bell rings by serving the dog food. The stimulus is the bell ringing when food is served, and the conditioned response is salivating when hearing the bell. Even after the absence of the food, if the bell is ringing, the dog still salivates. Moreover, Little Albert’s experiment was similar as a 11 month child was conditioned to fear a white rat by making loud noise when the rat passes by. The neutral event(seeing a mouse) was paired by a negative event(loud noise) the child developed a phobia; hence, where Phobia can be undersold. Furthermore, that can apply to many irrational phobias where the even itself might not be scary but they are linked or conditioned to something deeper and more terrifying. Triggers are the activating events of the cognitive behavioural model and the learning theories dig deep to find the network behind the irrational or maybe rational link in the B belief section. So, the theory gives a sense of understanding, which is important in cognitive behavioural therapy

Then for behaviourism B. F. Skinner has added to the conditional theory to expand the understanding of the human reaction and behaviour and his theory is called operant conditioning. 4 conditioning types were the outcomes of Skinners experiments:

• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Positive punishment
• Negative punishment

Positive is by giving, and negative is removing. So, positive reinforcement would be giving something like food or present to reinforce and encourage a behavior. Also, to encourage a behavior could be by removing something, like if a child studies then their parents will stop being hard on them. Then extinction, were someone is conditioned to something, then after the stimulus goes away for a while, hopefully they can get back to normal. Positive punishment is direct punishment that discourages a behavior. Finally, negative punishment which is removing a punishment. All these theories of behaviorism could help with trying to detect unhelpful ways of thinking and helps fixing them in psychological treatments.

 

References:

Walker, E. R., McGee, R. E., & Druss, B. G. (2015). Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA psychiatry, 72(4), 334–341. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Our behavior is influenced by multiple factors, both internal and external to us.
   1. Discuss the concept of attachment in childhood and explain how it may affect our behaviour in later life.
   2. Describe the four types of parenting and discuss how these may affect a child’s development.
   3. Explain how our behaviour can be adversely affected by cognitive biases and our use of heuristics.

 

3. At the heart of Behavioural Science is the use of the scientific method
4. Critically discuss the claim that childhood adversity causes mental and physical health problems.
5. Critically discuss the claim that humans are prone to conformity and obedience.
6. Explain how cognitive behavioural therapy is used to treat social anxiety and critically discuss whether this is an effective treatment.

 

Find out whether there might be a correlation between a China’s position on liberal order and specific systemic feature like economic development.

Description Task: 1. Find out whether there might be a correlation between a China’s position on liberal order and specific systemic feature like economic development. 2. Determine which position the government/ruling party etc. represents with respect to the concept of a (Western) liberal order. 3. Analyze the corresponding data for this country on the feature mentioned above and formulate the research question. The final paper has to be structured as follows: − Course reference, date / Title / Author / Abstract − Introduction − Literature review and research question − Approach / Method − Analytical part − Conclusion − Bibliography Number of pages: 12 Font: Times New Roman 12 Space: 1.5 space APA style

About paper: Abstract: summarize in one paragraph of 300 words or less, the major aspects of the entire paper – Introduction: Why does the topic matter, why is it relevant to be researched? (1 page) – Part 1 (3 pages): Choose an adequate heading Discussing the liberal order, its challenges, different positions to be found in the debate/literature. Which questions do occur? … – Part 2 (5 pages): Choose an adequate heading Case study, the selected country. Analysis of data and other sources. Why has this country been chosen? What are characteristics of this country that can be used for the analysis? How can this country be characterized, e.g. supportive of liberal order, non-supportive of liberal order, challenger to liberal order, mixed? What could be reasons for the country to be like that? … – Part 3: Conclusion (or adequate heading) What does the analysis of the country offer for the debate of the liberal order? Which role might this country play in the future with respect to the liberal order? Answer(s) to question(s) that occured? Overall assessment. (3 pages). Here are the links to find data for this assignment.Of course, this is just a selection of possible sources. There is also a need to explore others as well. Asian Development Bank https://www.adb.org/ BTI https://bti‑project.org/en/?&cb=00000 Human Development Index http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human‑development‑index‑hdi IMF https://www.imf.org/en/Home OECD https://www.oecd.org/ PRIO https://www.prio.org/Data/ World Bank https://www.worldbank.org/ (Links to an external site.)

https://www.wto.org/ SIPRI https://sipri.org/

Language planning can influence language policy in many different spheres of influence e.g. workplace; education; national. Drawing on one case study detail how language planning has led to changes in policy and language use in one community of language users.

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Answer only ONE of the questions from the list below.
2. Ensure the question chosen is written in full on your answer paper.
3. Do not exceed 3,000 words.
4. Milroy’s (1980) social network study in Belfast is pivotal in emphasizing the impact of social solidarity on language variation and change. Discuss the details of this study and at least one other more contemporary study in your discussion of the impact of social variables on language use and language change.

 

2. Bilingual studies have contributed to a re-evaluation of conclusions drawn from variationist studies which see language as a reflection of social categories, prestige etc. It would seem that command and exploitation of multiple codes enhances socio-cultural identities and enriches communicative strategies. Discuss this in relation to a bilingual study or studies of your choice.
3. Research ​in educational sociolinguistics has examined ​the significance and role of language in educational success. Much work has focus​sed on ​difficulties experienced by some students when there are differences between language use in the classroom and language use in students’ homes and communities. ​With reference to studies of particular student groups (e.g. African American students in the USA; Deaf or migrant children), document the types of difficulties students experience and possible remedies to ensure academic success in the future.

 

Research educational sociolinguistics has examined relationships between language and education with a particular focus on the differences between language use in the classroom and language use commonly found in the students’ homes and communities. Discuss debates for and against using localised languages of the home

as languages of education with reference to studies.

 

 

4. Gal’s (1978) study in Obserwart offers a less deterministic and more dynamic view of language and gender compared to other studies. Her work demonstrates that males and females in this community appear to occupy variable social positions working towards different roles/statuses. Compare her study with a more recent account of language and gender and consider how these studies ‘fit’ within the difference/dominance/social constructionist paradigms.
5. Language planning can influence language policy in many different spheres of influence e.g. workplace; education; national. Drawing on one case study detail how language planning has led to changes in policy and language use in one community of language users.

An investigation into the social impacts of cruising on island nations in the Caribbean

Further guidance for your Individual Journal Article (assignment 2):

 

• Title of Journal Article – make the title concise, with a connection to your keywords

e.g. ‘An investigation into the social impacts of cruising on island nations in the Caribbean’

not….

‘Impacts of Cruising’

 

• Abstract

Write this last – it should be concise and approx. 250-300 words

The abstract should clearly tell the reader what is in your journal article, its purpose etc and begin to hint at the conclusions / findings without giving too much away.

The abstract should have a clear connection with your title and your keywords

 

• Keywords

No more than 6 keywords – should again be concise and have a relationship with your abstract and your title – your keywords may also form (some of) the headings for your literature review….

 

• Introduction

The Above Sections all go onto the First page

A brief introduction to the contemporary issue, and surrounding literature contexts – i.e. if you are talking about social impacts of cruising, this is surrounded by fields such as costs and benefits on the economy, environmental issues, cultural impacts such as authenticity and commodification etc.. – you also in this section need to form emphasis on what you are writing about – I.e. a problem statement / research questions or aim of the paper – what are you finding out for the reader?

 

• Main body or ‘Literature review’

Why is the issue important – whilst all the time you are reviewing academics work in this area – use themes and headings to link the sections together. You need to be reviewing at least 15 journal articles within this section. What theories and research frameworks are they using? Are there definitions? How long have some of the concepts been around? Have they been developed / critiqued / redesigned?

Think about the criteria you could apply to review them – how useful was the article? How has it advanced knowledge? Has it solved the problem? Etc… See supporting document on ‘How to read a journal article’ in Units 10 & 11 – Assignment 2 support week.

 

Methods – every article published will have employed some sort of research methodology – without this the paper is fundamentally flawed

Your task is to review the types of methods used – i.e. has research just been quantitative in nature (e.g. economic impact analysis – uses surveys and only numerical data) or purely qualitative data – e.g. peoples’ thoughts feelings emotions through focus groups or semi-structured interviews? Discuss the limitations of these methods.

See what the balance is – what have the majority of studies done? – then build a case accordingly – i.e. do you think that your contemporary issue would benefit from more data or different types of methods? Etc.…

 

Headings

Use headings / sub-headings and link them to keywords, title, abstract – but use them sensibly – look at published journal articles as a guide

 

• Findings and Conclusions

This should include recommendations for the future or for future research, or a strategy for industry adoption etc.….

 

•   References

In Harvard style, consistent, in alphabetical order